Sta. María Chimalapa

Kaʔ sampaloʔke ‘The Imp’
told by Lucio González González

Silviano Jiménez Jiménez and Roberto Zavala Maldonado
CIESAS
Santa María Chimalapa Zoque (ZMAR) is spoken in the eastern part of Oaxaca, in the district of Juchitán. The speakers of ZMAR refer to their language as ’aŋpɨn tsame, which comes from mouth (’aŋ), man (pɨn), and speech (tsam-e), meaning ‘word of man’. The communities within the municipality of Santa María Chimalapa were still largely monolingual in the early 1960s when the area did not have access to education, highways or public services. Today, the language is considered severely endangered as most children and young people are not speaking the language. One exception is Chivixhuyo, where families are passing the language on to younger generations.
Santa María Chimalapa Zoque is the most conservative of the languages of the Zoquean branch of the family. Its closest genetic relative is San Miguel Chimalapa Zoque (ZMIG) with which it shares a great part of its lexicon, although there are differences in morphosyntax, phonology, and phonetics.
The story Kaʔ Sampaloʔke ‘The Imp’ was narrated by Lucio González González, a native speaker born in 1941. The story was recorded on December, 2015, in Santa María Chimalapa, Oaxaca, by the authors who transcribed and translated the text with the assistance of Mr. González. The protagonist of this narrative, a woman from Santa María, is tricked by a being she encounters at a spring where she is washing clothes. This type of story is found through the various communities of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz. In all of them, these creatures who trick people are referred to as “duendes”, which later, owing to Christian mestizo influence, are conflated with the Devil. In this story, the trickster creature is at once duende ‘imp’, devil, woman and child, which illustrates the cultural mixing that the story has undergone in the face of extensive cultural exchanges that have taken place in Santa María Chimalapa.

1)
speaker		 Bweno nɨmʂukpa ke kaʔapɨ ʂampaloʔke,
bueno Ø=nɨm–suk–pa que kaʔ=pɨ sampaloʔke
all.right 3S.INDP=say–3PL–INC.INDP SUBORD DIST=REL imp
‘Well, it is said that that imp,’
2)
speaker		 kaʔp tihwɨ komo tumɨ mismu mismu kɾistyanu,
kaʔ=pɨ Ø=tih–wɨ como tumɨ mismo mismo christiano
DIST=REL 3S.INDP=go.and.return–CMP.INDP as one same same person
‘that one looked like a regular person,’
3)
speaker		 peru kaʔp haynɨʔɨhi pwe.
pero Ø=kaʔ=pɨ hay Ø=nɨʔ–ʔɨy–ʔɨh–i pues
but 3S.INDP=DIST=REL NEG 3S.INDP=name–VERS–PASS–CMP.NEG well
‘but that one was not baptized.’
4)
speaker		 Kaʔpɨ kwandu kaʔ dyoʂiʂ yɨ naʂwinhi woʔttɨ,
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ cuando kaʔ dios=ʔis yɨ nas–win=hi Ø=woʔt–wɨ
3S.INDP=DIST=REL when DIST god=ERG PRX earth–surfaceRN=LOC 3S.INDP–walk–CMP.INDP
‘When God was walking on this world,’
5)
speaker		 kaʔpɨ tɨgaʔiʂ hayʔiʂi,
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ=tɨka=ʔis hay=ʔɨy ʔis–i
3S.INDP–DIST=REL=PL=ERG NEG=3A.INDP see–CMP.NEG
‘those (imps) didn’t know him (God),’
6)
speaker		 peru hayʔaʔm ʂuki pwes,
pero hay=ʔɨy ʔaʔm–suk–i pues
but NEG=3A.INDP see–3PL–CMP.NEG well
‘they (the imps) didn’t see him, well,’
7)
speaker		 ʔɨn ʔɨy chɨkʂukkɨ maʂ,
ʔɨn ʔɨy=¢ɨk–suk–wɨ mas
PTCL 3A.INDP=do–3PL–CMP.INDP more
‘they multiplied,’
8)
speaker		 no se ti modo kaʔbɨ ʔɨn ʔɨy chɨkʂukkɨ.
no sé ti modo Ø=kaʔ=pɨ ʔɨn ʔɨy=¢ɨk–suk–wɨ
NEG know:1SG:PRES what way 3S.INDP=DIST=REL PTCL 3A.INDP=do–CMP.INDP
‘I don’t know how they did it.’
9)
speaker		 Nomas kaʔp hay yagiʂoyi kaʔ dyoʂ,
nomás Ø=kaʔ=pɨ hay=ʔɨy yak–ʔis–ʔoy–i kaʔ dios
at.most 3S.INDP=DIST=REL NEG=3A.INDP CAUS–see–ANTIP–CMP.NEG DIST god
‘They didn’t recognize God,’
10)
speaker		 pitʂ haʔaŋ kaʔ dyoʂiʂ hay chiʔiʔam yakti bendisyon.
pi¢=haʔŋ kaʔ dios=ʔis hay=ʔɨy ¢iʔ–i=ʔam yak–ti bendisión
that=for DIST god=ERG NEG=3A.INDP give–CMP.NEG=IAM NEG–thing blessing
‘for that reason God did not offer them any blessing.’
11)
speaker		 Nomas kaʔp tsagɨmʂukkɨ.
nomás Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=¢ak–ʔɨm–suk–wɨ
just 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=drop.out–PASS–3PL–CMP.INDP
‘They were left that way (without blessings).’
12)
speaker		 Pits haʔaŋ kaʔp puɾu tʂuʔhi kaʔp pits woʔtʂukkɨ.
pi¢=haʔŋ Ø=kaʔ=pɨ puro ¢uʔ=hi Ø=kaʔ=pɨ pi¢ Ø=woʔt–suk–wɨ
that=for 3S.INDP=DIST=REL only night=LOC 3S.INDP=DIST=REL that.one 3S.INDP=walk–3PL–CMP.INDP
‘That is why they only walked at night.’
13)
speaker		 Para de dya pwes de dya kaʔp muy poko pitʂɨmʂukpa,
para de‿día pues de‿día Ø=kaʔ=pɨ muy poco Ø=pi¢ɨm–suk–pa
for day.time well day.time 3S.INDP=DIST=REL very little 3S.INDP=exit–3PL–INC.INDP
‘They rarely came out during the day,’
14)
speaker		 meramente kaʔp komo sweɾte.
meramente Ø=kaʔ=pɨ como suerte
only 3S.INDP=DIST=REL as luck
‘(they were seen) only rarely.’
15)
speaker		 ʔeʔa ʔɨy winɨkpoyɨyʂukkɨ nahpa.
ʔeʔa ʔɨy=winnɨk–poy–ʔɨy–suk–ɨ–nah–pa
other 3A.INDP=forehead–drive–VRB–3PL–link–go–INC.INDP
‘There were others that encountered them.’
16)
speaker		 Kaʔpɨ kaʔ,
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=kaʔ
3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=COP
‘That one is,’
17)
speaker		 pwes kaʔp kaʔ ney ʔaŋpɨnho kaʔbɨy nɨhi ʔoktʂuʔpɨn,
pues Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=kaʔ ney=ʔaŋ–pɨn=ho Ø=kaʔ=pɨ=ʔɨy nɨhi ʔok–¢uʔ–pɨn
well 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=COP 1EXC.PSR=MOUTH–man=LOC 3S.INDP=DIST=REL=3PSR name below–darkness–man
‘well, in our language they are named “men of the darkness,” ’
18)
speaker		 po kaʔp puɾu tʂuʔhi woʔtpa.
porque Ø=kaʔ=pɨ puro ¢uʔ=hi Ø=woʔt–pa
because 3S.INDP=DIST=REL only night=LOC 3S.INDP=walk–INC.INDP
‘because they walk around only during the night.’
19)
speaker		 ʔi pwes kaʔp kaʔ,
ʔi pues Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=kaʔ
and well 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=COP
‘And well, that he is the one,’
20)
speaker		 kaʔp kaʔ ʔoktʂuʔpɨn nɨmʂukpa ke.
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=kaʔ ʔok–¢uʔ–pɨn Ø=nɨm–suk–pa que
3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=COP below–darkness–man 3S.INDP=say–3PL–INC.INDP SUBORD
‘it is said that that one is the Devil.’
21)
speaker		 Por ʔehemplu yeʔ yɨʔ ney nɨʔ,
poɾ ejemplo yeʔ Ø=yɨʔ ney nɨʔ
for example PRX 3S.INDP=COP 1EXC.PSR water
‘For example, he is in our water,’
22)
speaker		 yɨʔ ney pop…popo nɨʔ.
yɨʔ ney popo nɨʔ
PRX 1EXC.PSR white water
‘in our clear water.’
23)
speaker		 Teyi kaʔbɨ ʔɨy nɨkʂahwɨ ʔihin kaʔpɨ.
teʔ–yi Ø=kaʔ=pɨ ʔɨy=nɨks–ʔah–wɨ ʔihin Ø=kaʔ=pɨ
MED=LOC 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3A.INDP=go–CAUS–CMP.INDP REP 3S.INDP=DIST=REL
‘It is said that over there he (the imp) took her.’
24)
speaker		 Kaʔpɨ ʔa ʔeste,
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ ʔa este
3S.INDP=DIST=REL ah this
‘He, this one,’
25)
speaker		 kaʔpɨ ʔoktʂuʔpɨn,
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ ʔok–¢uʔ–pɨn
3S.INDP=DIST=REL below–darkness–man
‘the man of the darkness,’
26)
speaker		 kabihin yeʔtstsɨ kaʔhi kaʔ yomɨʔ,
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ=ʔihin Ø=yeʔ¢–wɨ kaʔ=hi kaʔ yomɨʔ
3S.INDP=DIST=REL=REP 3S.INDP=arrive–CMP.INDP DIST=LOC DIST woman
‘it is said that the woman arrived there,’
27)
speaker		 metsaŋ yeʔtstsɨ kaʔhi kaʔ yomɨʔ.
me¢=ʔaŋ Ø=yeʔ¢–wɨ kaʔ=hi kaʔ yomɨʔ
two=NUM 3S.INDP=arrive–CMP.INDP DIST=LOC DIST woman
‘two women arrived there.’
28)
speaker		 Nɨkʂukkɨ ʔɨy nitsɨwʂukkɨ mayɨ.
Ø=nɨks–suk–wɨ ʔɨy=ni–¢ɨw–suk–wɨ mayɨ
3S.INDP=go–3PL–CMP.INDP 3A.INDP–body–do.laundry–3PL–CMP.INDP maybe
‘It is said that they went there to do laundry.’
29)
speaker		 Komo ke ney yeʔtspa.
como que ney Ø=yeʔ¢–pa
how SUBORD alone 3S.INDP=arrive–INC.INDP
‘It seems that he arrived there alone.’
30)
speaker		 Meci yeʔtsukpa.
me¢=yi Ø=yeʔ¢–suk–pa
two=LOC 3S.INDP=arrive–3PL–INC.INDP
‘The two (women) arrived there.’
31)
speaker		 ʔihin kaʔp ʔune pits hɨypa.
ʔihin Ø=kaʔ=pɨ ʔune pi¢ Ø=hɨy–pa
REP 3S.INDP=DIST=REL child that 3S.INDP=cry–INC.INDP
‘It is said that that baby was crying.’
32)
speaker		 ʔi kaʔ tumɨpɨ kaʔp ʔuneʔɨyyɨ,
ʔi kaʔ Ø=tumɨ=pɨ Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=ʔune–ʔɨy–wɨ
and DIST 3S.INDP=one=REL 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=child–VERS–CMP.INDP
‘There was the one (woman) who had a baby,’
33)
speaker		 ʔi kaʔ tumɨpɨ yamɨy ʔune pwe.
ʔi kaʔ Ø=tumɨ=pɨ Ø=yam=ʔɨy ʔune pues
and DIST 3S.INDP=one=REL 3S.INDP=EXIST.NEG=3PSR child well
‘and another one who didn’t have a baby.’
34)
speaker		 Kaʔbihin nɨmpa kan ʔune.
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ=ʔihin Ø=nɨm–pa kaʔ=ʔɨn ʔune
3S.INDP=DIST=REL=REP 3S.INDP=say–INC.INDP DIST=1PSR child
‘(The one who had a baby) she was the one who said, “That is my baby.’
35)
speaker		 Ten ʔune ʔiwɨ min nahayyɨ?
teʔ=ʔɨn ʔune ʔiwɨ Ø=min–ʔah–hay–wɨ
MED=1PSR child who 1PO=come–CAUS–APPL–CMP.INDP
‘ “Who brought my baby?’
36)
speaker		 Ten ʔune ʔi tebɨn ʔune te hɨypapɨ ʔihin nɨmpa kaʔ yomɨʔ.
teʔ=ʔɨn ʔune ʔi Ø=te=pɨʔ=ʔɨn ʔune teʔ Ø=hɨy–pa=pɨ ʔihin Ø=nɨm–pa kaʔ yomɨʔ
MED=1PSR child and 3S.INDP=MED=REL=1PSR child MED 3S.INDP=cry–INC.INDP=REL REP 3S.INDP=say–INC.INDP DIST woman
‘ “That is my baby, the baby who is crying,” that is what the woman said.’
37)
speaker		 Kay tumɨ woʔdan yomɨʔ,
Ø=kaʔ=hi tumɨ woʔt–ʔawin yomɨʔ
3S.INDP=DIST=LOC one walk–partner woman
‘She had another woman as her partner,’
38)
speaker		 woʔdawin ʔihin tebɨn yomɨʔ.
woʔt–ʔawin ʔihin Ø=teʔ=pɨ=ʔɨn yomɨʔ
walk–partner REP 3S.INDP=MED=REL=1PSR woman
‘a partner, that one who is my woman.’
39)
speaker		 Tebɨn ʔune te tehi hɨypapɨ.
teʔ=pɨ=ʔɨn ʔune teʔ teʔ=hi Ø=hɨy–pa=pɨ
MED=REL=1PSR child MED MED=LOC 3S.INDP=cry–INC.INDP=REL
‘ “That is my baby who is crying.” ’
40)
speaker		 ʔihin kaʔ tumɨ pwɨy nɨmhaypa,
ʔihin kaʔ tumɨ pues=ʔɨy nɨm–hay–pa
REP DIST one well=3A.INDP say–APPL–INC.INDP
‘This is what the other one told her,’
41)
speaker		 kaʔ woʔdan ʔɨy nɨmhaypa wat kaha teʔp wat min ʔune.
kaʔ woʔt–ʔawin ʔɨy=nɨm–hay–pa wat=Ø kaʔ=ha Ø=teʔ=pɨ wat=Ø min=ʔune
DIST walk–partner 3A.INDP=say–APPL–INC.INDP NEG=3S.INDP DIST=LOC 3S.INDP=MED=REL NEG=3S.INDP 2PSR=child
‘her partner told her, “That one isn’t the one who is your baby.’
42)
speaker		 Kaʔ min ʔune kaʔp tɨkhoʔ tsagɨmmɨ.
kaʔ min=ʔune Ø=kaʔ=pɨ tɨk=hoʔ Ø=¢ak–ʔɨm–wɨ
DIST 2PSR=child 3S.INDP=DIST=REL house=LOC 3S.INDP=drop.out–PASS–CMP.INDP
‘ “Your baby was left at home.’
43)
speaker		 Teʔp wat min ʔune.
Ø=teʔ=pɨ wat=Ø min ʔune
3S.INDP=MED=REL NEG=3S.INDP 2PSR child
‘ “That one is not your baby.” ’
44)
speaker		 Teʔp nos ʔiwɨy ʔune tey chakkɨ tihwɨ.
Ø=teʔ=pɨ no sé ʔiwɨ=ʔɨy ʔune teʔ=ʔɨy ¢ak–wɨ Ø=tih–wɨ
3S.INDP=MED=REL NEG know:3SG:PRES who=3PSR child MED=3A.INDP drop.off–CMP.INDP 3S.INDP=go.and.return–CMP.INDP
‘I don’t know who was the one who went to abandon her baby there.’
45)
speaker		 Kaʔ tsaʔho, tsaʔakɨtɨkhɨ hɨypa kaʔ ʔune.
kaʔ ¢aʔ=ho ¢aʔ–kɨtɨk=hɨ Ø=hɨy–pa kaʔ ʔune
DIST stone=LOC stone–under=LOC 3S.INDP=cry–INC.INDP DIST child
‘In the stone, under the stone, the baby was crying.’
46)
speaker		 Peru kaʔp kaʔ yomɨʔ ʔihin wat nikɨtuki.
pero Ø=kaʔ=pɨ kaʔ yomɨʔ ʔihin wat=Ø ni–kɨtuk–i
but 3S.INDP=DIST=REL DIST woman REP NEG=3S.INDP body–pass–CMP.NEG
‘But it is said that that woman didn’t understand.’
47)
speaker		 Ke teʔbɨn ʔune ke teʔbɨn ʔune.
que Ø=teʔ=pɨ=ʔɨn ʔune que Ø=teʔ=pɨ=ʔɨn ʔune
SUBORD 3S.INDP=MED=REL=1PSR child SUBORD 3S.INDP=MED=REL=1PSR child
‘ “This is my baby, this is my baby.” ’
48)
speaker		 Tihwɨy ʔammɨ tsaʔakɨtɨkhɨ kaʔ kaʔ ʔune.
tih–wɨ=ʔɨy ʔam–wɨ ¢aʔ–kɨtɨk=hɨ kaʔ kaʔ ʔune
go–CMP.INDP=3A.INDP look.at–CMP.INDP stone–under=LOC DIST DIST child
‘She went to see him under the stone, the baby was there.’
49)
speaker		 Patsɨyyɨpɨy [paʔtte] nɨmi.
Ø=pa¢–ʔɨy–wɨ=pɨ=ʔɨy paʔt–wɨ nɨm–i
3S.INDP=throw–VERS–CMP.INDP=REL=3A.INDP find–CMP.INDP say–CMP.DEP
‘She found the baby lying there.’
50)
speaker		 ʔɨy yukmeʔkʂɨ kaʔ ʔune kaʔ yomɨʔiʂ.
ʔɨy=yuk–meʔks–wɨ kaʔ ʔune kaʔ yomɨʔ=ʔis
3A.INDP=upward–hug–CMP.INDP DIST child DIST woman=ERG
‘The woman lifted the baby and hugged him.’
51)
speaker		 ʔaaay yɨyɨʔp pits tʂutʂɨtɨʔpa yɨn ʔune,
ʔaaay Ø=yɨʔ=yɨʔ=pɨ pi¢ Ø=¢u¢–ɨ–tɨʔ–pa yɨʔ=ʔɨn ʔune
INTER 3S.INDP=PRX=FOC=REL that.one 3S.INDP=suck–NOM–DESID–INC.INDP PRX=1PSR child
‘ “Ay! My baby really wants to nurse,” ’
52)
speaker		 ʔɨy nɨmmɨ.
ʔɨy=nɨm–wɨ
3A.INDP=say–CMP.INDP
‘she says.’
53)
speaker		 ʔɨy pɨkkɨ kay chuchi.
ʔɨy=pɨk–wɨ kaʔ=ʔɨy ¢u¢–i
3A.INDP=grab–CMP.INDP DIST=3PSR suck–NOM
‘She took her breast out.’
54)
speaker		 ʔɨy chiʔwɨ kay chuchi kaʔ yomɨʔiʂ pwes.
ʔɨy=¢iʔ–wɨ kaʔ=ʔɨy ¢u¢–i kaʔ yomɨʔ=ʔis pues
3A.INDP=give–CMP.INDP DIST=3PSR suck–NOM DIST woman=ERG well
‘The woman gave her breast to the baby.’
55)
speaker		 Peɾo ya kwandu kay pɨkhayyaʔam kay chuchi kaʔ kaʔp kaʔ kaʔ dyabloʔiʂ pwes.
pero ya cuando kaʔ=ʔɨy pɨk–hay–wɨ=ʔam kaʔ=ʔɨy ¢u¢–i kaʔ Ø=kaʔ=pɨ kaʔ Ø=kaʔ diablo=ʔis pues
but already when DIST=3A.INDP grab–APPL–CMP.INDP=IAM DIST=3PSR suck–NOM DIST 3S.INDP=DIST=REL DIST 3S.INDP=COP devil=ERG well
‘But when the baby grabbed her breast, he was the Devil.’
56)
speaker		 Kaʔ dyablo pwe.
Ø=kaʔ diablo pues
3S.INDP=COP devil well
‘He was the Devil.’
57)
speaker		 ʔɨy pɨkhayyɨ kay chuchi ya kaʂi komo key huptukhaypa kaʔp.
ʔɨy=pɨk–hay–wɨ kaʔ=ʔɨy ¢u¢–i ya kasi como que=ʔɨy hup–tuk–hay–pa Ø=kaʔ=pɨ
3A.INDP=grab–APPL–CMP.INDP DIST=3PSR suck–NOM already almost as SUBORD=3A.INDP pull–cut–APPL–INC.INDP 3S.INDP=DIST=REL
‘He grabbed her breast and pulled it to the point that he almost pulled it off.’
58)
speaker		 Neʔkʂtsɨʔyyɨ.
Ø=neʔks–¢ɨʔy–wɨ
3S.INDP=be.sticky–stay–CMP.INDP
‘He remained attached (to her breast).’
59)
speaker		 Neʔkʂtsoŋɨmmɨ.
Ø=neʔks–¢oŋ–ʔɨm–wɨ
3S.INDP=be.sticky–put.together–PASS–CMP.INDP
‘He stayed attached.’
60)
speaker		 Peru ʔiwɨ ʔɨy neʔkʂpuʔpa pwes?
pero ʔiwɨ ʔɨy=neʔks–puʔ–pa pues
but who 3A.INDP=be.sicky–tie–INC.INDP well
‘Who can detach (the Devil from her breast)?’
61)
speaker		 Kaʔp lo key chɨʔkkɨ
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ lo que=ʔɨy ¢ɨk–wɨ
3S.INDP=DIST=REL it SUBORD=3A.INDP do–CMP.INDP
‘What she did was,’
62)
speaker		 kaʔbihin hupi de hupi hupi de hupi.
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ=ʔihin hup–i de hup–i hup–i de hup–i
3S.INDP=DIST=REL=REP pull–NOM of pull–NOM pull–NOM of pull–NOM
‘to pull (him off of her breast), it is said.’
63)
speaker		 Ti modo ʔɨy neʔkʂpuʔpa,
ti modo ʔɨy=neʔks–puʔ–pa
what manner 3A.INDP=be.sticky–tie–INC.INDP
‘How can she detach him?’
64)
speaker		 xi kaʔp nekʂtsɨʔyyɨ kaʔ ʔune pwe.
si Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=neks–¢ɨʔy–wɨ kaʔ ʔune pues
if 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=be.sticky–stay–CMP.INDP DIST child well
‘if the baby remained firmly attached.’
65)
speaker		 ʔiʔan kaʔp?
ʔiwɨ=ʔan Ø=kaʔ=pɨ
who=PERL 3S.INDP=DIST=REL
‘ “Who is it over there?’
66)
speaker		 Kaʔ kaʔp dyablo?
kaʔ Ø=kaʔ=pɨ diablo
DIST 3S.INDP=COP=REL devil
‘ “Is that one the Devil?’
67)
speaker		 Kaʔp wat naʂmɨʔp pɨn.
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ wat=Ø nas=mɨʔ=pɨ pɨn
3S.INDP=DIST=REL NEG=3S.INDP world=LOC=REL man
‘ “This is not a man living in the world.” ’
68)
speaker		 ʔaaahh minnɨ kaʔ yomɨʔ,
ʔaaahh Ø=min–wɨ kaʔ yomɨʔ
ah 3S.INDP=come–CMP.INDP DIST woman
‘Ah, the woman came,’
69)
speaker		 kay woʔdawin minnɨ.
kaʔ=ʔɨy woʔt–ʔawin Ø=min–wɨ
DIST=3PSR walk–partner 3S.INDP=come–CMP.INDP
‘her partner came.’
70)
speaker		 Kaʔp hupi de hupi laye.
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ hup–i de hup–i laye
3S.INDP=DIST=REL pull–NOM of pull–NOM in.vain
‘The constant pulling was in vain.’
71)
speaker		 Kwan poko a poko kaʔp nɨkʂɨ nɨkʂɨ.
cuando poco a poco Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=nɨks–wɨ Ø=nɨks–wɨ
when little by little 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=go–CMP.INDP 3S=go–CMP.INDP
‘It happened that little by little she was disappearing.’
72)
speaker		 ʔɨy nɨkʂahwɨ ʔɨy tɨgahwɨ kaʔ nɨho kaʔ tsaʔho.
ʔɨy=nɨks–ʔah–wɨ ʔɨy=tɨk–ʔah–wɨ kaʔ nɨʔ=ho kaʔ ¢aʔ=ho
3A.INDP=go–CAUS–CMP.INDP 3A.INDP=enter–CAUS–CMP.INDP DIST water=LOC DIST stone=LOC
‘He took her in order to take her under the stone.’
73)
speaker		 Ya despwes,
ya después
already after
‘And later on,’
74)
speaker		 kwandu yakhohtoykoyɨmmɨ kaʔ yomɨʔ kon todo kaʔ ʔune.
cuando Ø=yak–hoh–tokoy–ʔɨm–wɨ kaʔ yomɨʔ con todo kaʔ ʔune
when 3S.INDP=CAUS–inside–disappear–PASS–CMP.INDP DIST woman with everything DIST child
‘when the woman was disappeared together with the baby.’
75)
speaker		 ʔɨy pɨʔwɨ kaʔ kaʔ kɨʔhɨ.
ʔɨy=pɨʔ–wɨ kaʔ kaʔ kɨʔ=hɨ
3A.INDP=put.inside–CMP.INDP DIST DIST under=LOC
‘He took her under it.’
76)
speaker		 Kaʔ naʂakɨʔɨgay ʔɨy nɨkʂahwɨ.
kaʔ nas–ʔa–kɨʔɨk–ʔa–yi ʔɨy=nɨks–ʔah–wɨ
DIST ground–EPEN–under–EPEN–LOC 3A.INDP=go–CAUS–CMP.INDP
‘He took her underground.’
77)
speaker		 ʔamigu kaʔ ʔoɾa kaʔ yomɨʔ,
amigo kaʔ hora kaʔ yomɨʔ
friend DIST hour DIST woman
‘Her friend, at that time, that woman,’
78)
speaker		 kaʔ tumɨpɨ yukpoypɨkkɨ.
kaʔ Ø=tumɨ=pɨ yuk–poy–pɨk–wɨ
DIST 3S.INDP=one=REL upward–run–grab–CMP.INDP
‘the other one, began to run.’
79)
speaker		 Tihwɨ chaʔmoyyɨ tɨkho pwes.
tih–wɨ Ø=¢aʔm–ʔoy–wɨ tɨk=ho pues
go.and.return–CMP.INDP 3S.INDP=tell–ANTIP–CMP.INDP home=LOC well
‘She went to tell (what had happened) at home.’
80)
speaker		 Tihwɨy chaʔmoyyɨ.
tih–wɨ=ʔɨy ¢aʔm–ʔoy–wɨ
go.and.return–CMP.INDP=3A.INDP tell–ANTIP–CMP.INDP
‘She went to let them know.’
81)
speaker		 Yeʔtsɨ tɨkho kaʔp.
Ø=yeʔ¢–wɨ tɨk=ho Ø=kaʔ=pɨ
3S.INDP=arrive–CMP.INDP home=LOC 3S.INDP=DIST=REL
‘She arrived home.’
82)
speaker		 Kay familya ʔɨy chamhayyɨ.
kaʔ=ʔɨy familia ʔɨy=¢aʔm–hay–wɨ
DIST=3PSR family 3A.INDP=tell–APPL–CMP.INDP
‘She told her family.’
83)
speaker		 Tihsukkɨ ʔɨy meʔtstsɨ laye.
tih–suk–wɨ ʔɨy=meʔ¢–wɨ laye
go.and.return–3PL–CMP.INDP 3A.INDP=look.for–CMP.INDP in.vain
‘They went to look for her in vain.’
84)
speaker		 Yaʔ ʔaʔmɨmʔam.
yaʔ Ø=ʔaʔm–ʔɨm–i=ʔam
NEG 3S.INDP=look.at–PASS=CMP.NEG=IAM
‘She couldn’t be seen.’
85)
speaker		 Segun nɨmpa kaʔ ʔistorya ke kaʔ tyempu yɨhi tehi banda de musika yɨ ney kumkuʔyho.
según Ø=nɨm–pa kaʔ historia que kaʔ tiempo yɨ=hi Ø=teʔ=hi banda de música yɨ ney kum–kuʔy=ho
according.to 3S.INDP=say–INC.INDP DIST story SUBORD DIST time PRX=LOC 3S.INDP=MED=LOC band of music PRX 1EXC.PSR be.buried–NOM.INSTR=LOC
‘According to the story, in those days, here in our town, there was a music band here.’
86)
speaker		 Tehi kuɾa nɨyɨnɨmpa.
Ø=teʔ=hi cura Ø=nɨʔ–ʔɨy–ʔanɨm–pa
3S.INDP=LOC priest 3S.INDP=name–VERS–DEFOC–INC.INDP
‘It is said that there was a priest.’
87)
speaker		 Pe kaʔ tyempu tsagɨmɨpɨ.
pero kaʔ tiempo Ø=¢ak–ʔɨm–wɨ=pɨ
but DIST time 3S.INDP=occur–PASS–CMP.INDP=REL
‘But that happened a long time ago.’
88)
speaker		 Kaʔ wat yeʔy.
Ø=kaʔ wat=Ø yeʔy
3S.INDP=COP NEG=3S.INDP now
‘It did not happen recently.’
89)
speaker		 Sabeɾ hutsaʔan mile de añu?
saber hu¢aʔaŋ miles de año
know how.many thousands of year
‘Who knows how many thousands of years?’
90)
speaker		 ʔɨy pɨʔʂukkɨ banda de muʂika.
ʔɨy=pɨʔ–suk–wɨ banda de música
3A.INDP=put–3PL–CMP.INDP band of music
‘They had a music band.’
91)
speaker		 ʔɨy pɨʔʂukkɨ kaʔ kuɾa komo ʔuuu komo…
ʔɨy=pɨʔ–suk–wɨ kaʔ cura como ʔuuu como
3A.INDP=put–3PL–CMP.INDP DIST priest how uuh how
‘They had a priest like, like…’
92)
speaker		 Komo dyes dias ʂɨnʔanɨmmɨ te nɨho nɨhɨnɨmpa.
como diez días Ø=sɨn–ʔanɨm–wɨ teʔ nɨʔ=ho Ø=nɨʔ–ʔɨy–ʔanɨm–pa
how ten days 3S.INDP=festival–DEFOC–CMP.INDP MED water=LOC 3S.INDP=name–VERS–DEFOC–INC.INDP
‘They say that there was a vigil for ten days at the place called water.’
93)
speaker		 ʔi hay pitsɨmi nunka kaʔ nɨho.
ʔi hay Ø=pi¢ɨm–i nunca kaʔ nɨʔ=ho
and NEG 3S.INDP=exit–CMP.NEG never DIST water=LOC
‘And she never came out of the “water ” ’
94)
speaker		 Kaʔ yomɨʔ nunka hay pitsɨmiʔam kaʔ yomɨʔ kaʔ ʔune yeʔen.
kaʔ yomɨʔ nunca hay Ø=pi¢ɨm–i=ʔam kaʔ yomɨʔ kaʔ ʔune=yeʔen
DIST woman never NEG 3S.INDP=exit–CMP.NEG=IAM DIST woman DIST child=COM
‘la mujer ya nunca salió, la mujer junto con la críatura’
95)
speaker		 ʔi kaʔp tumɨp popo yomɨʔ ʔihin,
ʔi Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=tumɨ=pɨ popo yomɨʔ ʔihin
and 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=one=REL white woman REP
‘It is said that it is a white woman,’
96)
speaker		 kay nɨkʂaywɨp yomɨʔ.
kaʔ=ʔɨy nɨks–ʔay–wɨ=pɨ yomɨʔ
DIST=3A.INDP go–CAUS–CMP.INDP=REL woman
‘the woman that took her.’
97)
speaker		 Kaʔsaʔan ʔihin,
kaʔsa=ʔan ʔihin
in.that.way=PERL REP
‘And it is said that later on that one,’
98)
speaker		 kaʔ yomɨʔ kaʔp pitsɨmmaʔam,
kaʔ yomɨʔ Ø=kaʔ=pɨ Ø=pi¢ɨm–wɨ=ʔam
DIST woman 3S.INDP=DIST=REL 3S.INDP=exit–CMP.INDP=IAM
‘the woman who had already come out,’
99)
speaker		 kaʔbihin popo yomɨʔ.
Ø=kaʔ=pɨ ʔihin popo yomɨʔ
3S.INDP=COP=REL REP white woman
‘it is said that she was a white woman.’
100)
speaker		 Wɨhɨ popo yomɨʔ.
Ø=wɨhɨ popo yomɨʔ
3S.INDP=nice white woman
‘The white woman was pretty.’
101)
speaker		 Kaʔpɨʔiʂ kaʔ pits) ʔɨy tɨgaywaʔam kɨhɨ kaʔ nɨho.
kaʔ=pɨ=ʔis kaʔ pi¢ ʔɨy=tɨk–ʔay–wɨ=ʔam kɨʔ=hɨ kaʔ nɨʔ=ho
DIST=REL=ERG DIST that.one 3A.INDP=enter–CAUS–CMP.INDP=IAM under=LOC DIST water=LOC
‘She was the one that took her underwater.’
102)
speaker		 ʔamigu kaʔʂa kaʔp pits tsagɨmmɨ tihwɨ kaʔ nɨ popo nɨʔ.
amigu kaʔsa Ø=kaʔ=pɨ pi¢ Ø=¢ak–ʔɨm–wɨ Ø=tih–wɨ kaʔ nɨʔ popo nɨʔ
friend in.that.way 3S.INDP=DIST=REL that.one 3S.INDP=leave–PASS–CMP.INDP 3S.INDP=go.and.return–CMP.INDP DIST water white water
‘My friend, that is how it got the name “white water ” ’
103)
speaker		 Tsagɨmmɨ tihwɨ.
Ø=¢ak–ʔɨm–wɨ Ø=tih–wɨ
3S.INDP=leave–PASS–CMP.INDP 3S.INDP=go.and.return–CMP.INDP
‘It (the name) was assigned.’
104)
speaker		 Pe teʔp wana gana popo nɨʔ tsagɨmi.
pero Ø=teʔ=pɨ wana=Ø gana popo nɨʔ Ø=¢ak–ʔɨm–i
but 3S.INDP=MED=REL NEG=3S.INDP desire white water 3S.INDP=leave–PASS–CMP.NEG
‘There was no other reason that the place was named white water.” ’
105)
speaker		 Xino teʔp tehi ʔɨy ʔistorya.
sino Ø=teʔ=pɨ Ø=teʔ=hi ʔɨy=historia
but 3S.INDP=MED=REL 3S.INDP=MED=LOC 3PSR=story
‘There is a story for that (name).’
106)
speaker		 Tehi el ke ʔɨy muʂpa teʔpɨ mah dey wɨhɨkotsampa pwes.
teʔ=hi el que ʔɨy=mus–pa teʔ=pɨ mas de=ʔɨy wɨhɨ–ko–¢am–pa pues
MED=LOC it SUBORD 3A.INDP=know–INC.INDP MED=REL more about=3A.INDP better–OTHER–tell–INC.INDP well
‘There are people that know more about that and can tell it better.’
107)
speaker		 Komo teʔsaʔan matoŋŋɨ pwes.
como teʔ=saʔan ʔɨn=matoŋ–wɨ pues
how MED=in.that.way 1A.INDP=hear–CMP.INDP well
‘That is the way I heard about that (story).’
108)
speaker		 Teʔsa teʔ pits [tihwɨ].
teʔ=saʔan Ø=teʔ pi¢
MED=in.that.way 3S.INDP=COP that.one
‘It occurred in that way.’
109)
speaker		 Ahí nomás.
ahí nomás
there only
‘Only that.’