Guerra entre totonacos y mexicanos¹
told by Manuel Oropeza Castro
This text is a historical account of territorial disputes between Totonacs and Mexicans (= Nahuas or Mexicas). According to this account, the Mexicans invaded Totonac lands and gave them place names in Nahuatl. They invaded those lands because they were more fertile. The Totonacs were aggrieved and could not stand to be humiliated in this way, so they started to fight the Mexicans. The Totonacs had a lot of corn, the Mexicans did not. The Totonacs managed to split the Mexicans up and, by doing that, they beat them and threw them out. When the Mexicans finally left, they took some of their animals, but they left their homes and the names they had given the towns remained in Nahuatl. The Mexican women and children were already used to living there so they cried a lot because they had to go. This was the age in which the Totonacs conquered their territory, defeating the Mexicans.
wanqúː maqapí¢ii laqquːlán ⁿtuː ⁿtiwaniqúːɬ šλaːtkán maqaːsáʔ_,
«{<wanquː>≡ˑ} {<maqapí¢i>≡ˑ}{<laqquːlan>} {ⁿ≡<tuː>≡ˑ}{ⁿ≡<tiwaniquːɬ>} {<šλaːtkan>} {<maqaːsaʔ>},»
wan–quː–yaː
maqapí¢i
laq–quːlan
tuː
ti–wan–ni–quː–ɬi
š–λaːt–kan
maqaːs=aʔ
say–3pl.arg–ipfv
some
pl–old.men
nrel
rem–say–ben–3pl.arg–pfv
3poss–father–pl.poss
long.time=already
‘Some old men tell what their parents told them long ago,’
matláː maqaːnáʔ_, niːškiːpaqčiníːtiː špuːkuštukán ⁿtutunaːkuhnií ⁿtaːníː ᶮčiyuú maktá_.
«{<mat><laː>≡ˑ} {<maqaːnaʔ>},» «{<niː><škiːpaqčiniːt>≡iː} {<špuːkuštukan>} {ⁿ≡<tutunaːkuhni>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<taːniː>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čiyu>≡ˑ} {<makta>}.»
mat
laː–yaː
maqaːn=aʔ
niː
š–kiː–paq–čin–niːt
š–puː–kuštu–kan
tutunaːkuh–niʔ
taːniː
čiyuh
makta–yaː
qtv
happen–ipfv
long.ago=already
neg
pst–g/c–arm–arrive.here–pf
3poss–loc2–clear.land–pl.poss
Totonac–pl
where
now
end–ipfv
‘it is said that long ago, the boundary of the Totonaco’s land did not reach where it it is now.’
waá liːwanqúː ᵐpiːpáks ᶮčučutsipií ⁿtuː laka¢uːwaá wilaqúː ščučutsipihkán mixikaːnuhníʔ_, mixikaːnuú ᵑqaɬiːqúː štakawanikán_.
«{<wa>≡ˑ} {<liːwanquː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<piː><paks>} {ᶮ≡<čučutsipi>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tuː>≡ˑ} {<laka¢uːwa>≡ˑ} {<wilaquː>≡ˑ} {<ščučutsipihkan>} {<mixikaːnuhníʔ>},» «{<mixikaːnu>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<qaɬiːquː>≡ˑ} {<štakawanikan>}.»
waʔ
liː–wan–quː–yaː
piː
paks
čučutsipih
tuː
laka¢uːw=aʔ
wila–quː
š–čučutsipih–kan
mixikaːnuh–niʔ
mixikaːnu
qaɬiː–quː–yaː
š–takawanikan
that
inst–say–3pl.arg–ipfv
that
all
town
nrel
close=already
be.loc–3pl.arg
3poss–town–pl.poss
Mexicano–pl
Mexicano
have–3pl.arg–ipfv
3poss–name
‘That’s why they say that all the towns that are close by are towns of the Mexicanos, they have their name in Mexicano (Nahuatl).’
taːnií šmaktaá maqaːnáʔ_, tutunáːkuu ᵑqaɬíː štukuːníʔ_,
«{<taːniː>≡ˑ} {<šmakta>≡ˑ} {<maqaːnaʔ>},» «{<tutunáːku>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<qaɬiː>≡ˑ} {<štukuːniʔ>},»
taːníː
š–makta–yaː
maqaːn=aʔ
tutunaːku
qaɬiː–yaː
š–tukuːniʔ
where
pst–end–ipfv
long.ago=already
Totonac
have–ipfv
3poss–noun
‘Where the boundary ended long ago, its name is in Totonac,’
kuškiwiwanikán_.
«{<kuškiwi><wanikan>}.»
kuškiwi
wan–ni–kan–yaː
Coxquihui
say–ben–ns.sub–ipfv
‘it is called Coxquihui.’
maːskilaka¢uːwaá ᵑkquːyúːm_, [sic] niːlaá šliːčiwiːnanqúː ⁿtutunáːkuu maqaːnáʔ_, paksmixikaːnuú šliːqaɬčiwiːnanqúː_.
«{<maːski><laka¢uːwa>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<k=quːyuːm>},» «{<niːla>≡ˑ} {<šliːčiwiːnanquː>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<ⁿtutunáːku>≡ˑ} {<maqaːnaʔ>}.» «{<paks><mixikaːnu>≡ˑ} {<šliːqaɬčiwiːnanqúː>}.»
maːski
laka¢uːw=aʔ
nak=quːyuːm
niː=la
š–liː–čiwiːnan–quː–yaː
tutunaːkuh
maqaːn=aʔ
paks
mixikaːnuh
š–liː–qaɬčiwiːnan–quː–yaː
even
close=already
loc=Huehuetla
neg=possible
pst–inst–talk–3pl.arg–ipfv
Totonac
long.ago=already
every
Mexicano
pst–inst–converse–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘Even though it is close to Huehuetla, they couldn’t speak in Totonaco long ago, they spoke everything in Mexicano.’
matčanaá šwanqúː laqwaːquːlán_, paksšlakapaːstakqúː laːnλáː šwilaquːkančaá laː ʔuhtiyináʔ_.
«{<mat><čana>≡ˑ} {<šwanquː>≡ˑ} {<laqwaːquːlan>},» «{<paks><šlakapaːstakquː>≡ˑ} {<laːnλaː>≡ˑ} {<šwilaquːkanča>≡ˑ} {<laː>≡ˑ} {<ʔuhtiyinaʔ>}.»
mat
čanaʔ
š–wan–quː–yaː
laqwaːquːlan
paks
š–lakapaːstak–quː–yaː
laːnλaːʔ
š–wila–quː–kan–čaʔ
laː
ʔuhtiyinaʔ
qtv
thus
pst–say–3pl.arg–ipfv
ancestors
every
pst–think–3pl.arg–ipfv
the.way.in.which
pst–be.loc–3pl.arg–ns.sub–there
as
a.big.while.ago
‘Our ancestors supposedly said it so, they all remembered the way in which they lived there a long time ago.’
naːpaksšlakapaːstakqúː laːnλáː ⁿtilaːčapaqúːɬ štampuːtiyhkán ⁿtutunaːkuhníʔ_, čuː mixikaːnuhníʔ_.
«{<naː><paks><šlakapaːstakquː>≡ˑ} «{<laːnλaː>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tilaːčapaquːɬ>} {<štampuːtiyhkan>} {ⁿ≡<tutunaːkuhniʔ>,}» «{<čuː>≡ˑ} {<mixikaːnuhniʔ>}.»
naː
paks
š–lakapaːstak–quː–yaː
laːnλaːʔ
ti–laː–čapa–quː–ɬi
š–tampuː–tiyh–kán
tutunaːkuh–niʔ
čuː
mixikaːnuh–niʔ
also
every
pst–think–3pl.arg–ipfv
the.way.in.which
rem–rcp–hit–3pl.arg–pfv
3poss–cl:group–two–pl.poss
Totonac–pl
and
Mexicano–pl
‘They also remembered all, the way in which the two groups fought, the Totonacs and the Mexicans.’
wanqúː ᵐpiːsihštanuːmaːquːɬaá mixikaːnuhnií kšpuːkuštukán tutunaːkuhníʔ_,
«{<wanquː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<piː><sih><štanuːmaːquːɬa>≡ˑ} {<mixikaːnuhni>≡ˑ} {<kšpuːkuštukan>} {ⁿ≡<tutunaːkuhniʔ>},»
wan–quː–yaː
piː
sih
š–tanuː–maː–quː–ɬi=aʔ
mixikaːnuh–niʔ
nak=š–puː–kuštu–kan
tutunaːkuh–niʔ
say–3pl.arg–ipfv
that
scooch
pst–go.in–prg–3pl.arg–pfv=already
Mexicano–pl
loc=3poss–loc2–clear.land–pl.poss
Totonac–pl
‘They say that the Mexicans were already entering the Totonaco’s lands,’
waá ⁿtiː šqaɬiːqúː špuːkuštukán kliːpaːɬkáːn_, maqattaá sihštanuːquːníːt_, šlaka¢aːlaquːniːttaá šliːpaːɬkaːnhkán mixikaːnuhníʔ_.
«{<wa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tiː>≡ˑ} {<šqaɬiːquː>≡ˑ} {<špuːkuštukan>} {<k=liːpaːɬkaːn>},» «{<maqatta>≡ˑ} {<sih><štanuːquːniːt>},» «{<šlaka¢aːlaquːniːtta>≡ˑ} {<šliːpaːɬkaːnhkan>} {<mixikaːnuhniʔ>}.»
waʔ
tiː
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
š–puː–kuštu–kan
nak–liː–paː–ɬkaː–n
maqat=taʔ
sih
š–tanuː–quː–niːt
š–laka–¢aːla–quː–niːt=taʔ
š–liːpaːɬkaːnh–kan
mixikaːnuh–niʔ
that
hrel
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
3poss–loc2–clear.land–pl.poss
loc=inst–space–measure–nr
far=already
scooch
pst–go.in–3pl.arg–pf
pst–surface–run–3pl.arg–pf=already
3poss–boundary.stone–pl.poss
Mexicano–pl
‘those that had their lands by the boundaries, the Mexicans had infiltrated them very far, they had already crossed their boundaries, the Mexicans.’
waá šlaqatiːqúː šalakwán ᵐpuːkúštu̥_.
«{<wa>≡ˑ} {<šlaqatiːquː>≡ˑ} {<šalakwan>} {ᵐ≡<puːkúštu>}.»
waʔ
š–laqatiː–quː–yaː
ša–lakwan
puː–kúštu
that
pst–like–3pl.arg–ipfv
dtv–best
loc2–clear.land:nr
‘Because they liked the best lands.’
čiː špuːkuštukán_, naːɬšlaqatiːqúː_.
«{<čiː>≡ˑ} {<špuːkuštukan>},» «{<naːɬ><šlaqatiːquː>≡ˑ}.»
čiː
š–puː–kuštu–kan
naːɬ
š–laqatiː–quː–yaː
and
3poss–loc2–clear.land:nr–pl.poss
not.anymore
pst–like–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘And their lands, they did not like them anymore.’
waá šliːpuːskuhpatanqúː ᵐpuːkúštuu maːski naːɬšlakanhšwaníːt_.
«{<wa>≡ˑ} {<šliːpuːskuhpatanquː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<puːkúštu>≡ˑ} {<maːski><naːɬ><šlakan•h><šwaniːt>}.»
waʔ
š–liː–puː–skuh–patan–quː–yaː
puː–kúštu
maːski
naːɬ
šlakan
š–wan–niːt
that
pst–inst–loc2–work–dsd–3pl.arg–ipfv
loc2–clear.land:nr
even
not.anymore
they
pst–be–pf
‘That’s why they wanted to work in those lands even though they were not theirs.’
ʔakšnií (š)ka¢iːqúːɬ ⁿtutunaːkuhnií sic ᵐpiːkahliːλaːnh(š)puːskuhnimaːquːkaá špuːkuštukán_, niːšqaɬskinquːkaníːt_,
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {<ka¢iːquːɬ>} {ⁿ≡<tutunaːkuhni>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<piː><kah><liːλaːn•h><špuːskuhnimaːquːka>≡ˑ} {<špuːkuštukan>},» «{<niː><šqaɬskinquːkaniːt>},»
ʔakšniʔ
ka¢iː–quː–ɬi
tutunaːkuh–niʔ
piː
kah
liː–λaːn
š–puː–skuh–ni–maː–quː–kah
š–puː–kúštu–kan
niː
š–qaɬskin–quː–kan–niːt
when
know–3pl.arg–pfv
Totonac–pl
that
only
inst–good
pst–loc2–work–ben–prg–3pl.arg–ns.sub:pfv
3poss–loc2–clear.land:nr–pl.poss
neg
pst–ask–3pl.arg–ns.sub–pf
‘When the Totonacs learned their lands were being worked for free, they had not been asked,’
kahʔaqɬaqwaá štamakapuːliːmaːqúːɬ_. niːka¢anaːpaːtiːqúːɬ ⁿtutunaːkuhnií nataliːqamaːnanqúː_, ¢ukuquːɬlaːčapaqúː liːpiːkwáʔ_.
«{<kah><ʔaqɬaqwa>≡ˑ} {<štamakapuːliːmaːquːɬ>}.» «{<niː><ka¢anaːpaːtiːquːɬ>} {ⁿ≡<tutunaːkuhni>≡ˑ} {<nataliːqamaːnanquː>},» «{<¢ukuquːɬ><laːčapaquː>≡ˑ} {<liːpiːkwaʔ >}.»
kah
ʔaqɬaqwa
š–tamaka–puːla–iː–maː–quː–ɬi
niː
ka¢an–?aː–paːtiː–quː–ɬi
tutunaːkuh–niʔ
na–ta–liː–qamaːnan–quː–yaː
¢uku–quː–ɬi
laː–čapa–quː–yaː
liːpiːkwaʔ
only
without.reason
pst–steal–amb–trr–prg–3pl.arg–pfv
neg
feel.pain–?link–bear–3pl.arg–pfv
Totonac–pl
fut–ingr–inst–play–3pl.arg–ipfv
start–3pl.arg–pfv
rcp–hit–3pl.arg–ipfv
a.lot
‘just so they were using what was not theirs. The Totonacs couldn’t bear the pain of having been insulted, they started to fight a lot.’
laː ⁿtunkunhka¢iːqúːɬ_, niː¢inuhšlaːʔakšiɬpatanqúː_.
«{<laː>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tunkun•h><ka¢iːquːɬ>},» «{<niː><¢inuh><šlaːkšiɬpatanquː>}.»
laː
tunkun
ka¢iː–quː–ɬi
niː
¢inuh
š–laː–ʔakšiɬ–patan–quː–yaː
as
then
know–3pl.arg–pfv
neg
a.little
pst–rcp–see–dsd–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘As soon as they learned about it, the Mexicans and the Totonacas did not want to see each other even a little.’
ʔakšnií ⁿ¢ukuquːɬlaːčapaqúː_, ʔakštám šlaqúː štampuːtiyhkán_. tiːniːška¢íːy waá ⁿtiː liwinataλaxáːy_.
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<¢ukuquːɬ><laːčapaquː>},» «{<ʔakštam>} {<šlaquː>≡ˑ} {<štampuːtiyhkan>}.» «{<tiːniː><ška¢iːy>} {<wa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tiː>≡ˑ} {<liwi><nataλaxaːy>}.»
ʔakšniʔ
¢uku–quː–ɬi
laː–čapa–quː–yaː
ʔakštam
š–la–quː–yaː
š–tampuː–tiyh–kan
tiːniː
š–ka¢iː–yaː
waʔ
tiː
líwi
na–ta–λaxaː–yaː
when
start–3pl.arg–pfv
rcp–hit–3pl.arg–ipfv
same
pst–do–3pl.arg–ipfv
3poss–cl:group–two–pl.poss
no.one
pst–know–ipfv
that
hrel
very
fut–ingr–vanquish–ipfv
‘When they started fighting each other, both groups did the same. No one knew who would be vanquished.’
wanqúː ᵐpiːʔakšnií ⁿ¢ukuquːɬlaːčapaqúː_, liːpiːkwaá šqaɬiːqúː škušikán waá ⁿtutunaːkuhníʔ_.
«{<wanquː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<piː><ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<¢ukuquːɬ><laːčapaquː>},» «{<liːpiːkwa>≡ˑ} {<šqaɬiːquː>≡ˑ} {<škušikan>} {<wa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tutunaːkuhniʔ>}.»
wan–quː–yaː
piː
ʔakšniʔ
¢uku–quː–ɬi
laː–čapa–quː–yaː
liːpiːkwaʔ
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
š–kuši–kan
waʔ
tutunaːkuh–niʔ
say–3pl.arg–ipfv
that
when
start–3pl.arg–pfv
rcp–hit–3pl.arg–ipfv
a.lot
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
3poss–corn–pl.poss
that
Totonac–pl
‘They say that when they started to fight a lot, the Totonacs had a lot of corn.’
niːtuːšpuwanqúː šlakán_, čiː waníːn mixikaːnuhníʔ_, niːɬuːwaá ᵑkušií šqaɬiːqúː_.
«{<niːtuː><špuwanquː>≡ˑ} <{šlakan>},» «{<čiː>≡ˑ} {<waniːn>} {<mixikaːnuhniʔ>},» «{<niː><ɬuːwa>≡ˑ} {<ᵑkuši>≡ˑ} {<šqaɬiːquː>}.»
niːtuː
š–puwan–quː–yaː
šlakan
čiː
waniːn
mixikaːnuh–niʔ
niː
ɬuːwaʔ
ᵑ≡kušiʔ
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
nada
pst–think–3pl.arg–ipfv
they
and
those
Mexicano–pl
neg
many
corn
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘They didn’t worry. And the Mexicans , they didn’t have a lot of corn.’
laː šliːmaqáːs šlaːčapamaːqúː_, tiːniː¢inuhkskuhmaá kškaːtawáːn_, waá ᵑkwiːntahšλawaquːníːt ⁿtalaːčapát_.
«{<laː>≡ˑ} {<šliːmaqaːs>} {<šlaːčapamaːquː>},» «{<tiːniː><¢inuh><kskuhmaː>≡ˑ} {<kškaːtawaːn>},» «{<wa>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<kwiːntah><šλawaquːniːt>} {ⁿ≡<talaːčapat>}.»
laː
šliː–maqaːs
š–laː–čapa–maː–quː
tiːniː
¢inuh
k–skuh–maːh
nak=š–kaːtawaːn
waʔ
kwiːntah
š–λawa–quː–niːt
ta–laː–čapa–t
as
for–long.time
pst–rcp–hit–prg–3pl.arg
no.one
a.little
pst–work–prg
loc=3poss–ranch
that
attention
pst–make–3pl.arg–pf
ingr–rcp–hit–nr
‘During the long time in which they were fighting each other, no one worked even a bit in their fields, what they were paying attention to was their fight.’
maqapí¢ii niːkščikkán šlaqtankwiːmaːqúːɬ_. čanaška¢iːqúː mixikaːnuhnií ᵐpiːwataníːn šλaxananqúː_.
«{<maqapí¢i>≡ˑ} {<niː><kščikkan>} {<šlaqtankwiːmaːquːɬ>}.» «{<čana><ška¢iːquː>≡ˑ} {<mixikaːnuhni>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<piː><wataniːn>} {<šλaxananquː>}.»
maqapí¢i
niː
nak=š–čik–kan
š–laq–tankwiː–maː–quː–ɬi
čanaʔ
š–ka¢iː–quː–yaː
mixikaːnuh–niʔ
piː
wataniːn
š–λaxa–nan–quː–yaː
some
neg
loc=3poss–house–pl.poss
pst–ints–sleep.over–lying–3pl.arg–pfv
thus
pst–know–3pl.arg–ipfv
Mexicano–pl
that
they.themselves
pst–win–dtrn–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘Some of them didn’t overnight in their homes. The Mexicans really thought that they would win.’
ʔakšnií maqasputqúːɬ škušikán_, kaːywaá š¢inkstamaːmaːqúː_. naːɬtuːšqaɬiːqúː ⁿtuː šwaqúː_.
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {<maqasputquːɬ>} {<škušikán>},» «{<kaːywa>≡ˑ} {<š¢inkstamaːmaːquː>}.» «{<naːɬ><tuː><šqaɬiːquː>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tuː>≡ˑ} {<šwaquː>}.»
ʔakšniʔ
maqa–sput–quː–ɬi
š–kušiʔ–kan
kaːywaʔ
š–¢inks–tamaː–maː–quː
naːɬ
tuː
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
tuː
š–wa–quː–yaː
when
cs2–finish.off–3pl.arg–pfv
3poss–corn–pl.poss
already.only
pst–be.hungry–lie.down–prg–3pl.arg
not.anymore
nrel
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
nrel
pst–eat–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘When their corn ran out, they just lay hungry, they didn’t have anything to eat anymore.’
čiː šlakán ⁿtutunaːkuhníʔ_, liːpiːkwakuú šqaɬiːqúː škušikán_. niːtuːšliːtaλaxaːqúː maːskiniːkskuhmaːqúː kškaːtawaːnhkán_.
«{<čiː>≡ˑ} {<šlakan>} <ⁿ≡{tutunaːkuhniʔ>},» «{<liːpiːkwa=ku>≡ˑ} {<šqaɬiːquː>≡ˑ} {<škušikan>}.» «{<niːtuː><šliːtaλaxaːquː>≡ˑ} {<maːski><niː><kskuhmaːquː>≡ˑ} {<kškaːtawaːnhkan>}.»
čiː
šlakán
tutunaːkuh–niʔ
liːpiːkwaʔ=kuʔ
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
š–kušiʔ–kan
niːtuː
š–liː–ta–λaxaː–quː–yaː
maːski
niː
k–skuh–maː–quː
nak=š–kaːtawaːnh–kan
and
they
Totonac–pl
a.lot=still
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
3poss–corn–pl.poss
nothing
pst–inst–ingr–vanquish–3pl.arg–ipfv
even
neg
pst–work–prg–3pl.arg
loc=3poss–ranch–pl.poss
‘And the Totonacs, they still had a lot of corn. They were not defeated with anything, even though they were not working in their fields.’
waá liːmaːλaːniːqúːɬ ⁿλaxananqúːɬ šliːmaqáːs_,
«{<wa>≡ˑ} {<liːmaːλaːniːquːɬ>} {ⁿ≡<λaxananquːɬ>} {<šliːmaqaːs>},»
waʔ
liː–maː–λaːniː–quː–ɬi
λaxa–nan–quː–ɬi
šliː–maqaːs
that
inst–cs–manage–3pl.arg–pfv
win–dtrn–3pl.arg–pfv
for–long.time
‘That’s why they managed to win over time.’
maqát ⁿλaqayaːwaquːkaá mixikaːnuhníʔ_.
«{<maqat>} {ⁿ≡<λaqayaːwaquːka>≡ˑ} {<mixikaːnuhniʔ>}.»
maqat
λaqa–yaːwa–quː–kah
mixikaːnuh–niʔ
far
separate–stand(tr)–3pl.arg–ns.sub:pfv
Mexicano–pl
‘They kicked the Mexicans out far away.’
čiː šapuːlanaá laː ʔakšnií ⁿti¢ukuniquːɬlaːčapaqúː_, ška¢iːqúː ᵐpiːwaníːn namaqaλaxananqúː_.
«{<čiː>≡ˑ} {<šapuːlana>≡ˑ} {<laː>≡ˑ} {<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<ti¢ukuniquːɬ><laːčapaquː>},» «{<ška¢iːquː>} {ᵐ≡<piː><waniːn>} {<namaqaλaxananquː>}.»
čiː
šapuːlanah
laː
ʔakšniʔ
ti–¢uku–ni–quː–ɬi
laː–čapa–quː–yaː
š–ka¢iː–quː–yaː
piː
waniːn
na–maqa–λaxa–nan–quː–yaː
and
before
as
when
rem–start–ben–3pl.arg–pfv
rcp–hit–3pl.arg–ipfv
pst–know–3pl.arg–ipfv
that
they
fut–cs2–win–dtrn–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘And as before, when they started to fight, they thought they would win.’
niːška¢iːqúː ᵐpapiːwaníːn nataλaxaːqúː_.
«{<niː><ška¢iːquː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<papiː><waniːn>}{<nataλaxaːquː>}.»
niː
š–ka¢iː–quː–yaː
papiː
waniːn
na–ta–λaxaː–quː–yaː
neg
pst–know–3pl.arg–ipfv
whether
they
fut–ingr–win–3pl.arg–ipfv
‘They didn’t know that they would be vanquished.’
maqátiː maqɬtiːquːkaá špuːkuštukán_. taːníː liːpiːkwakuú šlanaːnán_.
«{<maqat>≡iː} {<maqɬtiːquːka>≡ˑ} {<špuːkuštukan>}.» «{<taːniː>≡ˑ} {<liːpiːkwa=ku>≡ˑ} {<šlanaːnan>}.»
maqat
maqɬtiː–quː–kah
š–puː–kuštu–kan
taːniː
liːpiːkwaʔ=kuʔ
š–lanaːnan
far
take.away–3pl.arg–ns.sub:pfv
3poss–loc2–clear.land:nr–pl.poss
where
a.lot=still
pst–bear.abundantly
‘Many extensions of fertile land were taken away from them.’
čiː šapuːlaná_, niːšlakatanuːqúː špuːkuštukán ⁿtaːníː šqaɬiːqúː_. waá šliːtaqaɬuːpatanqúː_, niːška¢iːqúː ᵐpapiːwaníːn naλaqayaːwaquːkán ⁿtaːníː šliːwilaqúːɬ_.
«{<čiː>≡ˑ} {<šapuːlanah>},» «{<niː><šlakatanuːquː>≡ˑ} {<špuːkuštukan>} {ⁿ≡<taːniː>≡ˑ} {<šqaɬiːquː>}.» «{<wa>≡ˑ} {<šliːtaqaɬuːpatanquː>},» «{<niː><ška¢iːquː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<papiː><waniːn>} {<naλaqayaːwaquːkan>} {ⁿ≡<taːniː>≡ˑ} {<šliːwilaquːɬ>}.»
čiː
šapuːlanah
niː
š–lakatanuː–quː–yaː
š–puː–kuštu–kan
taːniː
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
waʔ
š–liː–taqaɬuː–patan–quː–yaː
niː
š–ka¢iː–quː–yaː
papiː
waniːn
na–λaqa–yaːwa–quː–kan–yaː
taːniː
š–liː–wila–quː–ɬi
and
before
neg
pst–be.content.with–3pl.arg–ipfv 3poss–loc2–clear.land:nr–pl.poss
where
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
that
3poss–inst–go.downwards–dsd–3pl.arg–ipfv
neg
pst–know–3pl.arg–ipfv
whether
they
fut–separate–stand(tr)–3pl.arg–ns.sub–ipfv
where
pst–inst–be.loc–3pl.arg–pfv
⚠️
‘Before, they were not happy with the fields they had. That’s why they wanted to go downwards, they didn’t know that they would be left separated from the places where they lived.’
ʔakšnií ⁿtaːyiqúːɬ nkščučutsipih<niʔ>(kán)_, šqaɬiːquːyaá štakuːnikán_, tiːniːʔaɬlaqpaliːniqúːɬ_.
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<taːyiquːɬ>} {<nkščučutsipihkan>},» «{<šqaɬiːquːya>≡ˑ} {<štakuːnikan>},» «{<tiːniː><ʔaɬ><laqpaliːniquːɬ>}.»
ʔakšniʔ
taːya–quː–ɬi
nak=š–čučutsipih–kan
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
š–takuːni–kan
tiːniː
ʔan–ɬi
laqpaliː–ni–quː–ɬi
when
stand–3pl.arg–pfv
loc=3poss–town–pl.poss
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
3poss–name–pl.poss
no.one
go–pfv
change–ben–pl.par–pfv
‘When they left their towns, the towns already had their names, and no one could change them.’
naːčanaá ᵐpáks ⁿtuː šqaɬiːqúː_, maqaštaqqúːɬ_. šmaːnhwaá ⁿtaːtaːyiqúːɬ štaqaɬiːnhkán ⁿtuː šaqataːštuniquːníːt_,
«{<naːčana>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<paks>} {ⁿ≡<tuː>≡ˑ} {<šqaɬiːquː>},» «{<maqaštaqquːɬ>}.» «{<šmaːnhwa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<taːtaːyiquːɬ>} {<štaqaɬiːnhkan>} {ⁿ≡<tuː>≡ˑ} {<šaqataːštuniquːniːt>},»
naː=čanaʔ
paks
tuː
š–qaɬiː–quː–yaː
maqa–štaq–quː–ɬi
šmaːnhwaʔ
taː–taːya–quː–ɬi
š–taqaɬiːnh–kan
tuː
š–ʔaqataːštu–ni–quː–niːt
also=thus
all
nrel
pst–have–3pl.arg–ipfv
cs2–leave–3pl.arg–pfv
only
cmt–stand–3pl.arg–pfv
3poss–animal–pl.poss
nrel
pst–remain–ben–3pl.arg–pf
‘Also, all that they had, they left it. They retreated only with the animals they still had left.’
ɬuːwaá maqniːqúːɬ_, waqúːɬ ʔakšnií š¢inkstamaːmaːqúːɬ_. čuː ščikkán_, paksštaqyaːwaqúːɬ_.
«{<ɬuːwa>≡ˑ} {<maqniːquːɬ>,} {<waquːɬ>} {<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {<š¢inkstamaːmaːquːɬ>}.» «{<čuː>≡ˑ} {<ščikkan>},» «{<paks><štaqyaːwaquːɬ>}.»
ɬuːwaʔ
maqniː–quː–ɬi
wa–quː–ɬi
ʔakšniʔ
š–¢inks–tamaː–maː–quː–ɬi
čuː
š–čik–kan
paks
štaq–yaːwa–quː–ɬi
many
kill–3pl.arg–pfv
eat–3pl.arg–pfv
when
pst–be.hungry–lie.down–prg–3pl.arg–pfv
and
3poss–house–pl.poss
every
leave–stand(tr)–3pl.arg–pfv
‘They killed many (animals), they ate them when they were lying there hungry. And they left all their houses too.’
liːpiːkwaá ⁿtasaqúːɬ maqapí¢ii škamanhkán_.
«{<liːpiːkwa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tasaquːɬ>} {<maqapí¢i>≡ˑ} {<škamanhkan>}.»
liːpiːkwaʔ
tasa–quː–ɬi
maqapí¢i
š–kamanh–kan
a.lot
cry–3pl.arg–pfv
some
3poss–children–pl.poss
‘Some of their children cried a lot.’
niːkáːw maqát_, ʔuːnuú ᵑkatiwilačáːw kkinčikkán_.
“«{<niː><kaːw>} {<maqat>},» «{<ʔuːnu>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<katiwilačaːw>} {<kkinčikkan>}.» “
niː
ka–ʔan–w–Ø
maqat
ʔuːnuʔ
ka–ti–wila–čaː–w–Ø
nak=kin–čik–kan
neg
opt–go–1pl.sub–pfv
far
here
opt–pot–be.loc–there–1pl.sub–pfv
loc=1poss–house–pl.poss
‘ “Let’s not go far, let’s stay here in our homes”,’
šwanqúː ᵑquštaníːn ᵑkamán_,
«{<šwanquː>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<quštaniːn>} {ᵑ≡<kaman>},»
š–wan–quː–yaː
qušta–niːn
kam–an
pst–say–3pl.arg–ipfv
poor!–pl
boy–pl
‘said the poor kids.’
ksmaniːquːniːttaá štiwilaqúː kščikkán_. waá liːpiːkwaá liːtasaqúːɬ_.
«{<ksmaniːquːniːtta>≡ˑ} {<štiwilaquː>≡ˑ} {<k=ščikkan>}.» «{<wa>≡ˑ} {<liːpiːkwa>≡ˑ} {<liːtasaquːɬ>}.»
šak–smaniː–quː–niːt=taʔ
š–tiwila–quː–yaː
nak=š–čik–kan
waʔ
liːpiːkwaʔ
liː–tasa–quː–ɬi
pst–get.used.to–3pl.arg–pf=already
pst–sit.down–3pl.arg–ipfv
loc=3poss–house–pl.poss
that
a.lot
inst–cry–3pl.arg–pfv
‘They had gotten used to being in their homes, that’s why they cried a lot.’
naːčanaá maqapí¢ii na¢iitníʔ_, tasaqúːɬ ʔakšnií ⁿλaqayaːwaquːká_.
«{<naːčana>≡ˑ} {<maqapí¢i>≡ˑ} {<na¢iitniʔ>},» «{<tasaquːɬ>} {<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<sλaqayaːwaquːka>}.»
naː=čanaʔ
maqapí¢i
na–¢iːt–niʔ
tasa–quː–ɬi
ʔakšniʔ
λaqa–yaːwa–quː–kah
also=thus
some
pl.kin–mom–pl
cry–3pl.arg–pfv
when
separate–stand(tr)–3pl.arg–ns.sub:pfv
‘Also some of the mothers cried a lot when they were kicked out.’
Notes
-
In this context, “mexicanos” means the Nahuas or Aztecs.
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