El hombre y el gavilán
told by Manuel Oropeza Castro
This is a story that has been documented in several Totonac-Tepehua languages (MacKay and Trechsel (2005) for Misantla; Beck (2012) for Upper Necaxa Totonac; Roman Lobato (2012) for Ozelonacaxtla Totonac). The story is about a man and a hawk that switch bodies. The hawk in the guise of a man works hard every day, but he eats raw hens and he does not lie down to sleep. When he finally reveals to his wife that he is not really her husband but a hawk that turned into a man, the woman does not object. She is actually happy because she did not get along with her husband.
šlamaá ⁿčaːtám ᶮčiškúʔ_, liwišaɬkititšwaníːt_. niːkskúxaa maːskišʔán ᵑkaːtuwáːn_.
«{<šlama>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<čaːtam>} {ᶮ≡<čiškuʔ>},» «{<liwi><šaɬkitit><šwaniːt >}.» «{<niː><kskúxa>≡ˑ} {<maːski><šʔan>} {ᵑ≡<kaːtuwaːn>}.»
š–lamaː
čaː–tam
čiškuʔ
líwi
ša–ɬkitit
š–wan–niːt
niː
k–skúx–yaː
maːski
š–ʔan–yaː
kaːtuwaːn
pst–live
cl:human–one
man
very
dtv–lazy
pst–be–pf
neg
pst–work–ipfv
even
pst–go–ipfv
ranch
‘There was a man, he was very lazy. Even though he went to the field, he didn’t work.’
kahwaá štiwilá_, laqačiníːn štamáːy_. kɬtatáy kštampíːn ᵑkiwíʔ_.
«{<kahwa>≡ˑ} {<štiwila>},» «{<laqačiniːn>} {<štamaːy>}.» «{<kɬtatay>} {<k=štampiːn>} {ᵑ≡<kiwiʔ>}.»
kahwaʔ
š–tiwila
laqačiniːn
š–tamaː–yaː
k–ɬtata–yaː
nak=š–tampiːn
kiwiʔ
only
pst–sit.down
sometimes
pst–lie.down–ipfv
pst–sleep–ipfv
loc=3poss–under
tree
‘He only stayed there, sometimes he lied down. He slept under a tree.’
čaːličaːlií ᶮčanaá šláy_.
«{<čaːličaːli>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čana>≡ˑ} {<šlay>}.»
čaːličaːlih
čanaʔ
š–la–yaː
every.day
thus
pst–do–ipfv
‘That’s how he behaved every day.’
čiː waːyáʔ_, naːʔaːnqaɬíːn škiːtiwilayaːčaá kkiwíʔ_.
«{<čiː>≡ˑ} {<waːyaʔ>},» «{<naː><ʔaːnqaɬiːn>} {<škiːtiwilayaː=ča>≡ˑ} {<k=kiwiʔ>}.»
čiː
waːyaʔ ,
naː
ʔaːnqaɬiːn
š–kiː–tiwila–yaː=čaːʔ
nak=kiwiʔ
and
hawk
also
often
pst–g/c–sit.down–ipfv–there
loc=tree
‘And the hawk, very often he also went to be there on the tree.’
šakšiɬaá ᶮčiškuú ᵐpiːniːkskúxḁ_, laqačiníːn ⁿ¢ahšlaqčáːn kštampíːn ᵑkiwiʔ_. ⁿtaːníː1 kɬtatáy_, niːtuːšpuwán ⁿtamaá ᶮčiškúʔ_.
«{<šakšiɬa>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čišku>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<piː><niː><kskúxa>},» «{<laqačiniːn>} {ⁿ≡<ⁿ¢ah><šlaqčaːn>} {<k=štampiːn>} {ᵑ≡<kiwiʔ>}.» «{ⁿ≡<taːniː>≡ˑ} {<kɬtatay>},» «{<niːtuː><špuwan>} {ⁿ≡<tama>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čiškuʔ>}.»
š–ʔakšiɬ–yaː
čiškuʔ
piː
niː
šak–skúx–yaː
laqačiniːn
¢ah
š–laq–čaːn–yaː
nak=š–tampiːn
kiwiʔ
taːniː
š–ɬtata–yaː
niːtuː
š–puwan–yaː
tamaː
čiškuʔ
pst–see–ipfv
man
that
neg
pst–work–ipfv
sometimes
directly
pst–goal–arrive.there–ipfv
loc=3poss–under
tree
where
pst–sleep–ipfv
nothing
pst–think–ipfv
that
man
‘He used to see the man, that he didn’t work, sometimes he went directly there, under the tree, where the man used to sleep, that man didn’t worry about anything.’
šliːmaqɬuːwataá šmaːlaka¢uːwíːy_, šamaqtám šaqaλíːɬ_.
«{<šliːmaqɬuːwa=ta>≡ˑ} {<šmaːlaka¢uːwiːy>},» «{<šamaqtam>} {<šaqaλiːɬ>}.»
šliː–maq–ɬuːwaʔ=aʔ
š–maː–laka¢uːw–iː–yaː
ša–maq–tam
šaqaλiː–ɬi
for–cl:times–many=already
pst–cs–close–cs–ipfv
dtv–cl:times–one
speak–pfv
‘He had already come near many times, and once he spoke.’
nuːmaá waníɬ_.
«{<nuːma>≡ˑ} {<waniɬ>}.»
nuːmáː
wan–ni–ɬi
in.this.way
say–ben–pfv
‘He said thus.’
“¢aːpuú ᵑkaskúhti̥_, niːkahkasqáːqtii kštampíːn ᵑkiwíʔ_.
«{<¢aːpu>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<kaskúhti>},» «{<niː><kah><kasqáːqti>≡ˑ} {<k=štampiːn>} {ᵑ≡<kiwiʔ>}.»
¢aːpu
ka–skúx–ti
niː
kah
ka–sqáːq–ti
nak=š–tampiːn
kiwiʔ
fast
opt–work–2sg.sub:pfv
neg
only
opt–be.in.the.shade–2sg.sub:pfv
loc=3poss–under
tree
‘ “Work fast, don’t only stay there under the tree taking the shade!’
papiːʔakítiː ᶮčiškušakwaá laː wíš_, šakqaɬíːɬ ᵑkiɬaqáːt_, liːpiːkwaá šakskúhɬi_. niːkahšaktitamáːɬ_.
«{<papiː><ʔakit>≡iː} {ᶮ≡<čišku><šakwa>≡ˑ} {<laː>≡ˑ} {<wiš>},» «{<šakqaɬiːɬ>} {ᵑ≡<kiɬaqaːt>},» «{<liːpiːkwa>≡ˑ} {<šakskúhɬi>}.» «{<niː><kah><šaktitamaːɬ>} .»
papiː
ʔakit
čiškuʔ
ša–k–wa
laː
wiš
ša–k–qaɬiː–ɬi
kin–ɬaqaːt
liːpiːkwaʔ
ša–k–skúx–ɬi
niː
kah
ša–k–ti–tamaː–ɬi
whether
I
man
pst–be:pfv
as
you
pst–1sub–have–pfv
1poss–clothes
a.lot pst–1sub–work–pfv
neg
only
pst–1sub–pot–lie.down–pfv
⚠️
‘ “If I were a man like you, I would have my clothes, I would work a lot. I would not be only lying down.” ’
čiː ᵑqaɬtiːnáɬ ᶮčiškúʔ_,
«{<čiː>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<qaɬtiːnáɬ>}{ᶮ≡<čiškúʔ>},»
čiː
qaɬtiːnan–ɬi
čiškuʔ
and
answer–pfv
man
‘And the man answered.’
“naːčanaá wíš_, kahwaá ⁿtiwilayaá kšaqán ᵑkiwíʔ_, niːpa¢ayaá ⁿtuː nawayáʔ_.
“«{< naː><čana>≡ˑ} {<wiš>},» «{<kahwa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tiwilaya>≡ˑ} {<k=šaqan>} {ᵑ≡<kiwiʔ>},» {<niː><pa¢aya>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tuː>≡ˑ} {<nawayaʔ>}.»
naː
čanaʔ
wiš
kahwaʔ
tiwila–yaː–ʔ
nak=š–ʔaqan
kiwiʔ
niː
pa¢a–yaː–ʔ
tuː
na–wa–yaː–ʔ .
also
thus
you
only
sit.down–ipfv–2sub
loc=branch
tree
neg
look.for–ipfv–2sub nrel
fut–eat–ipfv–2sub
⚠️
‘ “You’re also like this, you only sit down on the branches of a tree, you don’t look for what you’re going to eat.’
papiːʔakítiː waːyašakwá_, liːpiːkwaá šakwáɬ lak¢uːspúːn_, niːkahšak¢inkstamáːɬ laː wíš _.”
«{<papiː><ʔakit>≡iː} {<waːya><šakwa>},» «{<liːpiːkwa>≡ˑ} {<šakwaɬ>} {<lak¢uːspuːn >},» «{<niː><kah><šak¢inkstamaːɬ>} {<laː>≡ˑ} {<wiš>}.»
papiː
ʔakit
waːyaʔ
ša–k–wa
liːpiːkwaʔ
ša–k–wa–ɬi
lak–¢uː–spuːn
niː
kah
ša–k–¢inks–tamaː–ɬi
laː
wiš
whether
I
hawk
pst–1sub–be:pfv
a.lot
pst–1sub–eat–pfv
pl–small–bird
neg
only
pst–1sub–be.hungry–lie.down–pfv
as
you
‘ “If I were a hawk myself, I’d eat lots of small birds, I wouldn’t just lie there going hungry like you.” ’
ʔakšnií ᵑqaɬtiːnáɬ waːyáʔ_,
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<qaɬtiːnaɬ>} {<waːyaʔ>},»
ʔakšniʔ
qaɬtiːnan–ɬi
waːyaʔ
when
answer–pfv
hawk
‘Then the hawk answered.’
“kalaqpaliːčáːw ᵑkimaknikán_,” waníɬ_.
«{<kalaqpaliːčaːw>} {ᵑ≡<kimaknikan>},» «{<waniɬ>}.»
ka–laqpaliː–čaː–w–Ø
kin–makni–kan
wan–ni–ɬi
opt–change–completely–1pl.sub–pfv
1poss–body–pl.poss
say–ben–pfv
‘ “Let’s exchange our bodies,” he told him.’
tunkunhmaːλaːníːɬ ᶮčiškúʔ_.
«{<tunkun•h><maːλaːniːɬ>} {ᶮ≡<čiškuʔ>}.»
tunkun
maː–λaːn–iː–ɬi
čiškuʔ
then
cs–good–cs–pfv
man
‘The man agreed immediately.’
“λáːn –,” wá_.
«{<λaːn>},» «{<wa>}.»
λaːn
wa
good
say:pfv
‘ “Fine,” he said.’
ʔakšnií ᵑqašmátɬi_, naːtunkunhtaːktáɬ waːyáʔ_,
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<qašmátɬi>},» «{<naː><tunkun•h><taːktaɬ>} {<waːyaʔ>},»
ʔakšniʔ
qašmát–ɬi
naː
tunkun
taːkta–ɬi
waːyaʔ
when
hear–pfv
also
then
descend–pfv
hawk
‘When the hawk heard this, he came down.’
ʔantiyaá kštantíːn ᵑkiwií laqpaliːnanqúːɬ_.
«{<ʔantiya>≡ˑ} {<k=štantiːn>} {ᵑ≡<kiwi>≡ˑ} {<laqpaliːnanquːɬ>}.»
ʔantiyaʔ
nak=š–tantiːn
kiwiʔ
laqpaliː–nan–quː–ɬi
right.there
loc=3poss–trunk
tree
change–dtrn–3pl.arg–pfv
‘Right there, at the bottom of the tree, they swapped.’
waá waːyaá ᶮčiškuwá_.
«{<wa>≡ˑ} {<waːya>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čišku><wa>}.»
waʔ
waːyaʔ
čiškuʔ
wá
that
hawk
man
be:pfv
‘The hawk became a man.’
čiː ᶮčiškúʔ_, waːyawá_.
«{<čiː>} {ᶮ≡<čiškuʔ>},» «{<waːya><wa>}.»
čiː
čiškuʔ
waːyaʔ
wá
and
man
hawk
be:pfv
‘And the man turned into a hawk.’
tunkunh¢ukuɬskúxaa waːyáʔ_.
«{<tunkun•h><¢ukuɬ><skúxa>≡ˑ} {<waːyaʔ>}.»
tunkun
¢uku–ɬi
skúx–yaː
waːyaʔ
then
start–pfv
work–ipfv
hawk
‘The hawk started working immediately.’
čiː waá ⁿtiː ᶮčiškušwaníːt_, naːtunkunhqustawakáɬ_.
«{<čiː>} {<wa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tiː>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čišku><šwaniːt >},» «{<naː><tunkun•h><qustawakaɬ>}.»
čiː
waʔ
tiː
čiškuʔ
š–wan–niːt
naː
tunkun
qus–tawaka–ɬi
and
that
hrel
man
pst–be–pf
also
then
fly–climb.up–pfv
‘And the one who had been a man, he also flied up immediately.’
ʔakšnií ᶮquːtanúːɬ_, ʔáɬ waːyaá kščikií ᶮčiškúʔ_.
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<quːtanuːɬ>},» «{<ʔaɬ>}{<waːya>≡ˑ} {<k=ščiki>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čiškuʔ>}.»
ʔakšniʔ
quːtanuː–ɬi ,
ʔan–ɬi
waːyaʔ
nak=š–čikiʔ
čiškuʔ
when
become.afternoon–pfv
go–pfv
hawk
loc=3poss–house
man
⚠️
‘When the evening came, the hawk went to the man’s house.’
niːlaqapásɬii špuskáːt_,
«{<niː><laqapásɬi>≡ˑ} {<špuskaːt>},»
niː
laqapas–ɬi
š–puskaːt
neg
know–pfv
3poss–woman
‘The man’s wife didn’t identify him (as a hawk).’
λáːn ᶮ¢ukuɬšaqaλíː_.
«{<λaːn>} {ᶮ≡<¢ukuɬ><šaqaλiː>}.»
λaːn
¢uku–ɬi
šaqaλiː–yaː
good
start–pfv
speak–ipfv
‘She started speaking with him.’
maːwíːɬ_,
«{<maːwiːɬ>},»
maː–wa–iː–ɬi
cs–eat–cs–pfv
‘She fed him.’
niːška¢íː ᵐpuskáːt ᵐpapiːnaːɬwaá ščiškúʔ_,
«{<niː><ška¢iː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<puskaːt>} {ᵐ≡<papiː><naːɬ><wa>≡ˑ} {<ščiškuʔ>},»
niː
š–ka¢iː–yaː
puskaːt
papiː
naːɬ
wa
š–čiškuʔ
neg
pst–know–ipfv
woman
whether
not.anymore
be:pfv
3poss–man
‘The woman didn’t know that he was not her husband.’
ʔakšnií ⁿtamáːɬ ᵐpuskáːt_, kahtawií waá waːyáʔ_.
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tamaːɬ>} {ᵐ≡<puskaːt>},» «{<kah><tawi>≡ˑ} {<wa>≡ˑ} {<waːyaʔ>}.»
ʔakšniʔ
tamaː–ɬi
puskaːt
kah
ta–wiː
waʔ
waːyaʔ
when
lie.down–pfv
woman
only
ingr–sit
that
hawk
‘When the woman lied down, the hawk just sat there.’
maːskimaqɬuːwaá waníɬ ᵐpuskáːt piːkatamáːɬ_, niːlakaskíɬ_.
«{<maːski><maqɬuːwa>≡ˑ} {<waniɬ>} {ᵐ≡<puskaːt>} {<piː><katamaːɬ>}» , «{<niː><lakaskiɬ>}.»
maːski
maq–ɬuːwaʔ
wan–ni–ɬi
puskaːt
piː
ka–tamaː–ɬi
niː
lakaskin–ɬi
even
cl:times–many
say–ben–pfv
woman
that
opt–lie.down–pfv
neg
want–pfv
‘Even though the woman told him to lie down, he didn’t want to.’
čaːličaːlií ᶮčanaá šláy_.
«{<čaːličaːli>≡ˑ} {ᶮ≡<čana>≡ˑ} {<šlay>}.»
čaːličaːlih
čanaʔ
š–la–yaː
every.day
thus
pst–do–ipfv
‘He behaved like this every day.’
niːštamáːy_, kahwaá štiwilá_.
«{<niː><štamaːy>},» «{<kahwa>≡ˑ} {<štiwila>}.»
niː
š–tamaː–yaː
kahwaʔ
š–tiwila
neg
pst–lie.down–ipfv
only
pst–sit.down
‘He would not lie down, he only sat.’
naːčaːličaːlií šʔán ᵑkaːtawáːn_.
«{<naː><čaːličaːli>≡ˑ} {<šʔan>} {ᵑ≡<kaːtawaːn>}.»
naː
čaːličaːlih
š–ʔan–yaː
kaːtawáːn
also
every.day
pst–go–ipfv
ranch
‘He also went to the field every day.’
¢iːsakuú šʔán_,
«{<¢iːsaku>≡ˑ} {<šʔan>},»
¢iːsa=kuʔ
š–ʔan–yaː
early=still
pst–go–ipfv
‘He used to go very early.’
maqát kskúxaa ⁿtantakuú ⁿtamaá waːyáʔ_.
«{<maqat>} {<kskúxa>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tantaku>≡ˑ} {ⁿ≡<tama>≡ˑ} {<waːyaʔ>}.»
maqat
k–skúx–yaː
tantaku
tamaː
waːyaʔ
far
pst–work–ipfv
the.whole.day
that
hawk
‘He worked far (a large extension) the whole day, that hawk.’
niːnahmaqáːn šlaqpaliːnanquːníːt_, skíɬ ⁿtantám štiːláːn_,
«{<niːnah><maqaːn>} {<šlaqpaliːnanquːniːt>},» «{<skiɬ>} {ⁿ≡<tantam>} {<štiːlaːn>},»
niːnah
maqaːn
š–laqpaliː–nan–quː–niːt
skin–ɬi
tan–tam
štiːlaːn
not.yet
long.ago
pst–change–dtrn–term–pf
ask–pfv
cl:animal–one
hen
‘They had not swapped a long time ago, he asked for a hen.’
šmakčaːnipatankán_, niːlakaskíɬ_. kahšastáqaa wáɬ_.
«{<šmakčaːnipatankan>} ,» «{<niː><lakaskiɬ>}.» «{<kah><šastáqa>≡ˑ} {<waɬ>}.»
š–mak–čaː–ni–patan–kan–yaː
niː
laka–skin–ɬi
kah
ša–stáqa
wa–ɬi
pst–body–cook–ben–dsd–ns.sub–ipfv
neg
face–ask–pfv
only
dtv–raw
eat–pfv
‘They wanted to cook it for him, he didn’t want it. He just ate it raw.’
maqɬuːwataá šwaníːtiː šastáqaa štiːláːn_, ʔakšnikuú waníɬ ᵐpuskáːt ᵐpiːniːwaá ščiškúʔ_. kahšlaqpaliːquːníːtiː šmaknikán_.
«{<maqɬuːwa=ta>≡ˑ} {<šwaniːt>≡iː} {<šastáqa>≡ˑ} {<štiːlaːn>},» «{<ʔakšniku>≡ˑ} {<waniɬ>} {ᵐ≡<puskaːt>} {ᵐ≡<piː><niː><wa>≡ˑ} {<ščiškuʔ>}.» «{<kah><šlaqpaliːquːniːt>≡iː} {<šmaknikan>}.»
maq–ɬuːwaʔ=aʔ
š–wa–niːt
ša–stáqa
štiːlaːn
ʔakšniʔ=kuʔ
wan–ni–ɬi
puskaːt
piː
niː
waʔ
š–čiškuʔ
kah
š–laqpaliː–quː–niːt
š–makni–kan
cl:times–many=already
pst–eat–pf
dtv–raw
hen
when=then
say–ben–pfv
woman
that
neg
that
3poss–husband
only
pst–change–3pl.arg–pf
3poss–body–pl.poss
‘He had already eaten a raw hen many times when he told the wife that he was not her husband. That they had just swapped their bodies.’
čiː ᵐpuskáːt_, niːtuːwá_.
«{<čiː>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<puskaːt>},» «{<niːtuː><wa>}.»
čiː
puskaːt
niːtuː
wa
and
woman
nothing
say:pfv
‘And the wife didn’t say anything.’
niːqawáɬ_,
«{<niː><qawaɬ>},»
niː
qawa–ɬi
neg
scold–pfv
‘She didn’t get angry.’
lakapaːstákɬii ᵐpiːniːkanaːšpaːškíːy ščiškúʔ_.
«{<lakapaːstákɬi>≡ˑ} {<ᵐpiː><niː><kanaː><špaːškiːy>} {<ščiškuʔ>}.»
lakapaːsták–ɬi
piː
niː
kanaː
š–paːškiː–yaː
š–čiškuʔ
think–pfv
that
neg
truly
pst–love–ipfv
3poss–husband
‘She remembered that she didn’t really love her husband.’
šaɬkititšwaníːt_.
«{<liwi><šaɬkitit><šwaniːt>}.»
líwi
ša–ɬkitit
š–wan–niːt
very
dtv–lazy
pst–be–pf
‘He was very lazy.’
liːpiːkwaá štaːlaːkiɬníːy_. ʔaːnqaɬíːn štaːlaːčapáy_.
«{<liːpiːkwa>≡ˑ} {<štaːlaːkiɬniːy>}.» «{<ʔaːnqaɬiːn>} {<štaːlaːčapay>}.»
liːpiːkwaʔ
š–taː–laː–kiɬniː–yaː
ʔaːnqaɬiːn
š–taː–laː–čapa–yaː
a.lot
pst–cmt–rcp–scold–ipfv
often
pst–cmt–rcp–hit–ipfv
‘They argued a lot. They fought with each other very often.’
ʔakšnií ᵑka¢íːɬ_, ᵐpiːnaːɬwaá ščiškúʔ_, ⁿtiː štaːwixáʔ_, liːpiːkwaá ᵐpaːšawáɬiː ᵐpuskáːt_.
«{<ʔakšni>≡ˑ} {ᵑ≡<ka¢iːɬ>},» «{ᵐ≡<piː><naːɬ><wa>≡ˑ} {<ščiškuʔ>},» «{ⁿ≡<tiː>≡ˑ} {<štaːwixaʔ>},» «{<liːpiːkwa>≡ˑ} {ᵐ≡<paːšawaɬ>≡iː} {ᵐ≡<puskaːt>}.»
ʔakšniʔ
ka¢iː–ɬi
piː
naːɬ
wa
š–čiškuʔ
tiː
š–taː–wih=aʔ
liːpiːkwaʔ
paːšawa–ɬi
puskaːt
when
know–pfv
that
not.anymore
be:pfv
3poss–husband
hrel
pst–cmt–sit=already
a.lot
be.happy–pfv
woman
‘When she learned that it was not her husband she was with, the woman became very happy.’