{"id":1706,"date":"2015-07-21T16:53:01","date_gmt":"2015-07-21T16:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/?page_id=1706"},"modified":"2016-09-29T13:36:10","modified_gmt":"2016-09-29T13:36:10","slug":"grammar-notes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/?page_id=1706","title":{"rendered":"Notes on SJQ grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"

SJQ is a primarily VSO language with an extremely rich tonal system and productive sandhi (E. Cruz 2011). Its words are largely monosyllabic and\u00a0have a highly fusional, non-concatenative morphology (E. Cruz et al. 2008).<\/p>\n

As a strongly head-marking language, the majority of the morphology occurs on the verb. Verbs are the only grammatical category to inflect for aspect, which is marked by a prefix and a tonal ablaut paradigm. Following Kaufman (1987), the aspectual categories in SJQ have been labeled CPL<\/small>, PROG<\/small>, HAB<\/small>, and POT<\/small>. A\u00a0thorough semantic analysis of these aspects has not been undertaken in SJQ (or any other Chatino topolect). These morphological labels are, in a sense, traditional, and do not necessarily reflect their semantics\u2014for example, based on its meaning,\u00a0CPL<\/small> might be better labeled \u201cperfect\u201d or \u201cperfective\u201d, and PROG<\/small> might be closer to \u201ccontinuous\u201d. Future research on Chatino verbs may also reveal existence of\u00a0the stative aspect, traces of which are found in forms such as\u00a0sni4<\/sup>-ton42<\/sup>\u00a0<\/em>\u2018CPL:hold-stand.\u2019<\/p>\n

In SJQ word forms, some segments\u00a0can be analyzed as belonging to aspect and mood prefixes and not to stems. Table 1 shows a complete verbal paradigm for the intransitive verb -lu3<\/span><\/i> \u2018to grow\u2019.
\nTABLE 1: Person-aspect paradigm for the verb -lu3<\/span><\/em> \u2018to grow\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Person<\/td>\nCPL<\/small><\/td>\nPROG<\/small><\/td>\nHAB<\/small><\/td>\nPOT<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1SG<\/small><\/td>\ny-lon42<\/span>=onq32<\/span><\/td>\nnd-lon42<\/span>=on32<\/span><\/td>\nndlyon42<\/span>=onq32<\/span><\/td>\nk-lon42<\/span>=onq32<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2SG<\/small><\/td>\ny-lu1<\/span><\/td>\nnd-lu1<\/span><\/td>\nndlyu20<\/span><\/td>\nk-lu20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3SG<\/small><\/td>\ny-lu3<\/span><\/td>\nnd-lu3<\/span><\/td>\nndlyu24<\/span><\/td>\nk-lu24<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1INCL<\/small><\/td>\ny-lon3<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/td>\nnd-lon3<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/td>\nndlyon14+0<\/span><\/td>\nk-lon14+0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1EXCL<\/small><\/td>\ny-lu3<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnd-lu3<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nndlyu14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nk-lu14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2PL<\/small><\/td>\ny-lu3<\/span>=wan42<\/span><\/td>\nnd-lu3<\/span>=wan24<\/span><\/td>\nndlyu14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\nk-lu14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3PL<\/small><\/td>\ny-lu3<\/span>=renq14<\/span><\/td>\nnd-lu3<\/span>=renq14<\/span>\u001e<\/td>\nndlyu14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\nk-lu14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

This table shows that sometimes the prefixes are easily segmentable as in k-lu24<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:grow:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 and y-lu3<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:grow:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, whereas in other cases the prefixes have fused with the stem and cannot be easily separated, as with ndlyu2<\/span><\/em>4<\/span> \u2018HAB<\/small>:grow:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019.<\/p>\n

In still other cases, such as that shown in table 2, an aspect can be indicated by a null prefix, as with s-qwa14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:place.inside:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 and -qwa14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:place.inside:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019.<\/p>\n

TABLE 2: Person-aspect paradigm for the verb -qwa14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018to place inside\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Person<\/td>\nCPL<\/small><\/td>\nPROG<\/small><\/td>\nHAB<\/small><\/td>\nPOT<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1SG<\/small><\/td>\ns-qwan40<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwan40<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwan40<\/span><\/td>\ns-qwan40<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2SG<\/small><\/td>\ns-qwa20<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa20<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa20<\/span><\/td>\ns-qwa20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3SG<\/small><\/td>\ns-qwa14+0<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa10<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa14+0<\/span><\/td>\ns-qwa14+0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1INCL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qwan14+0<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwan10<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwan14+0<\/span><\/td>\ns-qwan14+0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1EXCL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qwa14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa10<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\ns-qwa14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2PL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qwa14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa1<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\ns-qwa14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3PL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qwa14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa1<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qwa14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\ns-qwa14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Often, different aspectual forms are distinguished only by tone. Table 3 shows that kwa3<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:sweep:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 and the form kwa14+<\/span><\/em>0<\/span> \u2018POT<\/small>:sweep:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 have the same segmental form but different tones. The CPL<\/small> is marked by tone \/3\/ and the POT<\/small> carries tone \/14+0\/. This same verbal paradigm also shows that nt-kwa3<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:sweep:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 and nt-kwa14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:sweep:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 have a similar prefix nt-<\/em>, but the aspects are differentiated by tone marking.<\/p>\n

TABLE 3: Person-aspect paradigm for the verb -kwa3<\/span><\/em> \u2018to sweep\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Person<\/td>\nCPL<\/small><\/td>\nPROG<\/small><\/td>\nHAB<\/small><\/td>\nPOT<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1SG<\/small><\/td>\nkwan40<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwan40<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwan40<\/span>=anq32<\/span><\/td>\nkwan40<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2SG<\/small><\/td>\nkwa1<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa1<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa20<\/span><\/td>\nkwa20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3SG<\/small><\/td>\nkwa3<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa3<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa14+0<\/span><\/td>\nkwa14+0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1INCL<\/small><\/td>\nkwan3<\/span>=an1<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwan3<\/span>=an1<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwan14+0<\/span><\/td>\nkwan14+0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1EXCL<\/small><\/td>\nkwa3<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa3<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nkwa14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2PL<\/small><\/td>\nkwa3<\/span>=wan24<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa3<\/span>=wan3<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\nkwa14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3PL<\/small><\/td>\nkwa3<\/span>=renq24<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa3<\/span>=renq24<\/span><\/td>\nnt-kwa14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\nkwa14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Monosyllabification<\/h4>\n

Due to the loss of non-final vowels via syncope, SJQ has undergone significant non-final syllable reduction (E. Cruz 2011). Nearly all words have been reduced to one syllable. Table 4 illustrates the monosyllabification process by comparing SJQ with the Eastern Chatino variety of San Marcos Zacatepec (ZAC).<\/p>\n

TABLE 4: Monosyllabification in SJQ<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ZAC<\/td>\nSJQ<\/td>\nEnglish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kwana<\/td>\nkna4<\/span><\/td>\n\u2018mirror\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wa\u0294\u0101\u00b4<\/td>\nqa3<\/span><\/td>\n\u2018tamarind\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
yaka<\/td>\nyka4<\/span><\/td>\n\u2018tree, wood\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nka-y-ata<\/td>\ny-ta4<\/span><\/td>\n\u2018bathed\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nka-y-\u016bjw\u012b<\/td>\ny-jwi42<\/span><\/td>\n\u2018hit\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Many segmental aspect prefixes in SJQ verbs have been lost as a result of monosyllabification, although\u00a0there are some SJQ verbs that still preserve traces of the aspectual prefixes visible in ZAC. Table 5 shows a paradigm of the verb \u2018to sweep\u2019 in ZAC. These can be compared to the SJQ forms in Table 3.<\/p>\n

TABLE 5: Person-aspect paradigm for the verb u-lukw\u01ce<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Person<\/td>\nCPL<\/small><\/td>\nPROG<\/small><\/td>\nHAB<\/small><\/td>\nPOT<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1SG<\/small><\/td>\nnka-l\u00f9kwa\u030bn<\/td>\nnt\u0101-l\u00f9kwa\u030bn<\/td>\nnt-u-l\u00f9kwa\u030bn<\/td>\nk-u-l\u00f9wa\u030bn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2SG<\/small><\/td>\nnka-l\u016bkw\u00e1<\/td>\nnt\u0101-l\u016bkw\u00e1<\/td>\nnt-u-l\u00f9kw\u0101<\/td>\nk-u-l\u00f9kw\u0101<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3SG<\/small><\/td>\nnka-lukw\u01ce<\/td>\nnt\u0101-l\u016bkw\u00e1<\/td>\nnt-u-lukw\u0201<\/td>\nk-u-lukw\u0201<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1INCL<\/small><\/td>\nnka-lukw\u01ce=nan<\/td>\nnt\u0101-l\u016bkw\u00e1=nan<\/td>\nnt-u-lukw\u0201=nan<\/td>\nk-u-lukw\u0201=nan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1EXCL<\/small><\/td>\nnka-lukw\u01ce=wa<\/td>\nnt\u0101-l\u016bkw\u00e1=wa<\/td>\nnt-u-lukw\u0201=wa<\/td>\nk-u-lukw\u0201=wa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2PL<\/small><\/td>\nnka-lukw\u01ce=wan<\/td>\nnt\u0101-l\u016bkw\u00e1=wan<\/td>\nnt-u-lukw\u0201=wan<\/td>\nk-u-lukw\u0201=wan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3PL<\/small><\/td>\nnka-lukw\u01ce=ne\u0294<\/td>\nnt\u0101-l\u016bkw\u00e1=ne\u0294<\/td>\nnt-u-lukw\u0201=ne\u0294<\/td>\nk-u-lukw\u0201=ne\u0294<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The table is taken from Villard (2015: 418, table 5.17) who uses the following diacritics to represent tones: the grave accent [ ` ] marks a low tone, the macron [ \u00af ] marks a mid tone, the acute accent [\u00b4 ] marks a high tone, the inverted caret [ \u02c7] marks a rising contour tone, and the double acute accent [ \u02dd ] marks a rising super-high tone. Diacritics over blanks represent floating tones whose realization is dependent on its phonological environment.<\/p>\n

Tone and aspect<\/h4>\n

E. Cruz (2011) states that the stem of the CPL<\/small> can partially predict the tone for the HAB<\/small>, POT<\/small>, and PROG<\/small> aspects in SJQ, based on the following rules of thumb:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Stems with low tone \/4\/ surface as tone \/4\/ in the HAB<\/small> and POT<\/small> aspects and as \/32\/ in the PROG<\/small> aspect. For example: y-ku4<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:eat:(3SG<\/small>), nty-ku4<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:eat:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, ku4<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:eat:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, and nty-ku32<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:eat:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019.<\/li>\n
  2. Frequently, stems with tone \/14+0\/ have the same tone in all four aspects. For example: s-qwa14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>: place.inside:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, ns-qwa14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:place.inside:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, and POT<\/small> s-qwa14+<\/span><\/em>0<\/span> \u2018POT<\/small>:place.inside:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019. The PROG<\/small> aspect is the only aspect in this verbal paradigm that has a different tone: ns-qwa1+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:place.inside:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019.<\/li>\n
  3. Stem with tone \/2\/ take tone \/14+0\/ in the POT<\/small> and HAB<\/small> aspect, and tone \/2\/ in PROG<\/small> aspect. For example: y-qo2<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small> drink:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, k-qo14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:drink:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, nty-qo14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:drink:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, nty-qo2<\/span> \u2018PROG<\/small>:drink:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019.<\/li>\n
  4. Stems with tone \/1\/ take tone \/20\/ in POT<\/small> and HAB<\/small> aspect, and \/1\/ in the PROG<\/small>. For example: s-qyu1<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:cut:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, nts-qyu20<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:cut:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, s-qyu20<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:cut:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, nts-qyu1<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:cut:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    These findings are summarized in table 6 (adapted from E. Cruz 2011: 215, table 5.17).<\/p>\n

    TABLE 6: Aspectual tone marking<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Stem (CPL<\/small>)<\/td>\nPOT<\/small> and HAB<\/small><\/td>\nPROG<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \/4\/<\/td>\n\/4\/<\/td>\n\/32\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \/14+0\/<\/td>\n\/14+0\/<\/td>\n\/1+0\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \/2\/<\/td>\n\/14+0\/<\/td>\n\/2\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \/1\/<\/td>\n\/20\/<\/td>\n\/1\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \/3\/<\/td>\n\/14+0\/<\/td>\n\/3\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Person and number marking of subjects<\/h4>\n

    The person and number of subjects is\u00a0marked on the verb by a number of means, including\u00a0vowel nasalization, a glottal coda, vowel ablaut, enclitics, and tonal ablaut changes (E. Cruz 2011 and E. Cruz and Woodbury 2014). Verbs can inflect for 1SG<\/small>, 2SG<\/small>, 3SG<\/small>, 1EXCL<\/small>, 1INCL<\/small>, 2PL<\/small>, and 3PL<\/small>. The 3SG<\/small> is identical to the aspect-inflected stem with no further marking.<\/p>\n

    First-person SG<\/small> and plural INCL<\/small> subjects nasalize the stem vowel, as in s-qyon4<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:cut:1SG<\/small>\u2019, nty-qon<\/em>20<\/span> \u2018PROG<\/small>:drink:1SG<\/small>\u2019, nt-kwan40<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:sweep:1SG<\/small>\u2019, n-s-qyon20<\/span>on32<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:cut:1INCL<\/small>\u2019, nty-qon14+0<\/span> <\/em>\u2018HAB<\/small>:drink:1INCL<\/small>\u2019, kwan14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:sweep:1INCL<\/small>\u2019. Some 1SG<\/small> subjects also result in\u00a0glottal codas such as nt-kwan40<\/span>anq32<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:sweep:1SG<\/small>\u20194<\/span>.<\/p>\n

    The 1SG<\/small> and 1INCL<\/small> subjects also exhibit vowel quality alternation. There is a \/\u0169\/ \u2192 \/\u00f5\/ alternation in 1SG<\/small> and 1INCL<\/small>. For instance, s-qyu1<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:cut:(3<\/span>)\u2019 is s-qyon4<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:cut:1SG<\/small>\u2019 and s-qyon1<\/span>on1<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:cut:1INCL<\/small>\u2019. This is because SJQ has two non-low, back, oral vowels, \/o u\/, and only one back nasal vowel, \/\u00f5\/. When the \/u\/ in the 3SG<\/small> stem nasalizes in the first person, it surfaces as \/\u00f5\/.\u00a0There is also a more sporadic \/i\/ \u2192 \/\u1ebd\/ alternation in the context of 1SG<\/small>: ytiq4<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:nurse:(3SG<\/small>) \u2192 ytenq20<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:nurse:1SG<\/small>\u2019 and sti4<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:lay:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 \u2192 sten20<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:lay:1SG<\/small>.<\/p>\n

    For a given aspect, the 3SG<\/small> stem tone determines the tonal ablaut for the 2SG<\/small> very consistently (E. Cruz 2011). However, the 1SG<\/small> cannot be predicted from the 3SG<\/small> stem. The 3SG<\/small> stem tone frequently narrows, but does not strictly determine the tonal ablaut for the 1SG<\/small> (E. Cruz 2011: 234).<\/p>\n

    Table 7 (based on E. Cruz and Woodbury 2013) offers a summary of subject tone marking for 2SG<\/small> and 1SG<\/small> in SJQ.<\/p>\n

    TABLE 7: Tonal ablaut marking person<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\n3SG stem tone for given aspect<\/td>\n2SG (of that same aspect)<\/td>\n1SG (of that same aspect)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1<\/td>\n\/4\/<\/td>\n\/42\/<\/td>\n\/4\/, \/1\/, \/20\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/td>\n\/2\/<\/td>\n\/1\/<\/td>\n\/4+0\/, \/2\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3<\/td>\n\/1\/<\/td>\n\/42\/<\/td>\n\/4\/, \/20\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4<\/td>\n\/1+0\/<\/td>\n\/20\/<\/td>\n\/4+0\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5<\/td>\n\/32\/<\/td>\n\/42\/<\/td>\n\/32\/, \/1\/, \/20\/<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    The first row in this table shows that the first class of stems with tone \/4\/ in the\u00a03SG<\/small> in the CPL<\/small> aspect will take tone \/42\/ in the 2SG<\/small> in the CPL<\/small> aspect\u2014for example, sti4<\/span><\/em>\u2018he lay\u2019 and y-ta4<\/span><\/em> \u2018he bathed\u2019 \u2192 sti4<\/span><\/em>2<\/span> \u2018you lay\u2019 and y-ta42<\/span><\/em> \u2018you bathed\u2019. However, the tone of the 3SG<\/small> cannot predict the tone of the 1SG<\/small>. Consider, for example, three verbs with tone \/4\/ in 3SG<\/small>:CPL<\/small>: yta4<\/span> <\/em>\u2018bathed\u2019, ntykwa4<\/span> \u2018met\u2019, and sti4<\/span> <\/em>\u2018lied\u2019. Each have different tones in their 1SG<\/small> forms: ytan1<\/span><\/em> \u2018I bathed\u2019, ntykwan4<\/span><\/em> \u2018I met\u2019, and sten20<\/span><\/em> \u2018I lied\u2019. See E. Cruz and Woodbury (2014) for further discussion.<\/p>\n

    Plural clitics<\/h4>\n

    Plurality of the subject is marked by appending a clitic to the verb. The clitic for the 1INCL<\/small> is =Vn<\/em>, 1EXCL<\/small> is =wa42<\/span><\/em>, =wan4<\/span><\/em> is the clitic for the 2PL<\/small>, and =renq4<\/span><\/em> the clitic for the 3PL<\/small>. Frequently, the verb stem and the clitic have different tones. Table 8 shows that the verb n-sqyu1<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:cut:(3)\u2019 and the plural stems in the same paradigm are marked with a high tone (\/1\/)\u2014nts-qyon1<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:cut:1INCL<\/small>\u2019, nts<\/em>-qyu1<\/span>=wa42<\/span> \u2018PROG<\/small>:cut=1EXCL<\/small>\u2019, n-sqyu1<\/span>=wan24<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:cut=2PL<\/small>\u2019, and n-sqyu1<\/span>=renq24<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>-cut=3PL<\/small>\u2019.<\/p>\n

    TABLE 8: Person-aspect paradigm for the verb s-qyu1<\/span><\/em> \u2018cut\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Person<\/td>\nCPL<\/small><\/td>\nPROG<\/small><\/td>\nHAB<\/small><\/td>\nPOT<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1SG<\/small><\/td>\ns-qyon4<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyon32<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyon4<\/span><\/td>\ns-qyon4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2SG<\/small><\/td>\ns-qyu42<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu42<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu42<\/span><\/td>\ns-qyu42<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3SG<\/small><\/td>\ns-qyu1<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu1<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu20<\/span><\/td>\ns-qyu20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1INCL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qyon1<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyon1<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyon20<\/span>=on32<\/span><\/td>\ns-qyon20<\/span>=on32<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1EXCL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qyu1<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu1<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu20<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\ns-qyu20<\/span>=wa24<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2PL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qyu1<\/span>=wan24<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu1<\/span>=wan24<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu20<\/span>=wan24<\/span><\/td>\ns-qyu20<\/span>=wan24<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3PL<\/small><\/td>\ns-qyu1<\/span>=renq24<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu1<\/span>=renq24<\/span><\/td>\nnts-qyu20<\/span>=renq24<\/span><\/td>\ns-qyu20<\/span>=renq24<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    The plural subjects of the verb -qo2<\/span><\/em> \u2018drink\u2019 (table 9) in CPL<\/small> aspect shows a similar pattern: y-qon2<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:drink=1INCL<\/small>\u2019, y-qo2<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:drink=1EXCL<\/small>\u2019, y-qo2<\/span>=wan1<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:drink=2PL<\/small>\u2019, y-qo2<\/span>=renq1<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>-drink=3PL<\/small>\u2019.<\/p>\n

    TABLE 9: Person-aspect paradigm for the verb -qo2<\/span><\/em> \u2018drink\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Person<\/td>\nCPL<\/small><\/td>\nPROG<\/small><\/td>\nHAB<\/small><\/td>\nPOT<\/small><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1SG<\/small><\/td>\ny-qon1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qon1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qon20<\/span><\/td>\nk-qon20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2SG<\/small><\/td>\ny-qo1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo20<\/span><\/td>\nk-qo20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3SG<\/small><\/td>\ny-qo2<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo2<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo14+0<\/span><\/td>\nk-qo14+0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1INCL<\/small><\/td>\ny-qon2<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qon2<\/span>=on1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qon14+0<\/span><\/td>\nk-qon14+0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1EXCL<\/small><\/td>\ny-qo2<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo2<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\nk-qo14<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2PL<\/small><\/td>\ny-qo2<\/span>=wan1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo2<\/span>=wan1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\nk-qo14<\/span>=wan0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3PL<\/small><\/td>\ny-qo2<\/span>=renq1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo2<\/span>=renq1<\/span><\/td>\nnty-qo14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\nk-qo14<\/span>=renq0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Additionally, =wan4<\/span><\/em> and =renq4<\/span><\/em> are sensitive to tone sandhi, whereas =wa42<\/span> <\/em>is not. The tones of =wan4<\/span> <\/em>and =renq4<\/span><\/em> change according to the stem that precedes it\u2014for example, y-ku4<\/span>=wan4<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:eat=2PL<\/small>\u2019 and y-ku4<\/span>=renq4<\/span> <\/em>\u2018CPL<\/small>:eat=3PL<\/small>\u2019, and y-ku4<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:eat=1EXCL<\/small>\u2019. Here =<\/em>wan4<\/span> and =renq4<\/span><\/em> take the same tone as the stem. In other words, =wan <\/em>and =renq<\/em> are phonologically toneless and always copy the preceding tone, but not =wa42<\/span><\/em>, which kept its tone \/42\/. When adding clitics to a verb with a stem \/14+0\/ such as naq14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:wash(3SG<\/small>)\u2019, the floating tone associated with the verb stem appears on =wan4<\/span><\/em> and =renq4<\/span><\/em>, as with naq14<\/span>=wan0<\/span> <\/em>\u2018CPL<\/small>:wash=2PL<\/small>\u2019 and naq14<\/span>=renq0<\/span> <\/em>\u2018CPL<\/small>:wash=3PL<\/small>\u2019, while =wa42<\/span><\/em> does not receive the floating tone, which surfaces on the verb stem itself, as in naq14+0<\/span>=wa42<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:wash=1EXCL<\/small>\u2019. For more information on sandhi processes in SJQ, see E. Cruz (2011) and E. Cruz and Woodbury (2006).<\/p>\n

    Segmentation of morphological markers in the text<\/h4>\n

    As shown above, aspect and subject are marked on the verb by prefixes, enclitics, and tonal and vowel ablaut; however, not all the verbs in SJQ take the same set of prefixes or tone alternations. Even though the majority of the aspectual prefixes have disappeared with the loss of non-final syllables in SJQ, some verbs still preserve consonants that mark aspect, as in y-lu3<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:grow:(3SG<\/small>), nd-lu3<\/span><\/em> \u2018PROG<\/small>:grow: (3SG<\/small>), ndlyu24<\/span><\/em> \u2018HAB<\/small>:grow:(3SG<\/small>), and k-lu24<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>-grow:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Some of the aspectual categories are indicated by the same initial consonants and some of them no longer display segmental prefixes for aspect. Table 2 above shows that the CPL<\/small> and POT<\/small> aspects of the verb s-qwa24<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:place.inside (3SG<\/small>)\u2019 and s-qwa24<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:place.inside (3SG<\/small>)\u2019 share the initial consonant s-<\/em>. The PROG<\/small> and HAB<\/small> aspects in this same verb are marked by the prefix nts-<\/em>. The verb s-qyu1<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:cut:(3)\u2019 shows a similar pattern. The CPL<\/small> and POT<\/small> aspect are marked by a consonant s-<\/em> and the PROG<\/small> and HAB<\/small> aspects are indicated by an nts-<\/em> as initial segment. Similarly, the CPL<\/small> aspect of -qo2<\/span><\/em> \u2018drink\u2019 uses a y-<\/em> and the POT<\/small> aspect is marked by a k-<\/em>, while the PROG<\/small> and HAB<\/small> of -qo2<\/span><\/em> have nty-<\/em> as initial consonants. These examples confirm that aspectual markers are too divergent to warrant further segmentation of the verbs.<\/p>\n

    Frequently, the tonal alternations are essential to identifying a verb\u2019s aspect. The CPL<\/small> of kwa3<\/span><\/em> \u2018CPL<\/small>:sweep:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 and the POT<\/small> of kwa14+0<\/span><\/em> \u2018POT<\/small>:sweep:(3SG<\/small>)\u2019 are examples of a verb with two aspects distinguished only by tone. This shows that there is an obligatory and unsegmentable aspectual exponent in the verb\u2019s tone, and this is why I choose\u00a0to treat the verb forms as a gestalt. Rather than attempt to fully indicate all morphological exponents and segmentation, I have chosen to represent all verbal aspectual inflection and all subject inflection indicated by tone (and\/or ablaut) as fusional morphology (ASP:verb:SUBJ) to simplify the presentation in the text; however, the aspect is indicated to the left of the root and the subject agreement to the right in recognition that these inflections affect, respectively, the left and right edges of word forms. For other works that have explicitly handled prefix segmentation in more polysyllabic varieties of Chatino, see Campbell (2011) for Zenzontepec Chatino, Sullivant (2015) for Tataltepec Chatino, and Villard (2015) for ZAC.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    SJQ is a primarily VSO language with an extremely rich tonal system and productive sandhi (E. Cruz 2011). Its words are largely monosyllabic and\u00a0have a highly fusional, non-concatenative morphology (E. Cruz et al. 2008). As a strongly head-marking language, the majority of the morphology occurs on the verb. Verbs are the only grammatical category to … Continue reading Notes on SJQ grammar<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1601,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/textsOnLine.php","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1706","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1706"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1903,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1706\/revisions\/1903"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}