{"id":2059,"date":"2017-04-03T16:48:35","date_gmt":"2017-04-03T16:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/?page_id=2059"},"modified":"2017-04-04T13:58:43","modified_gmt":"2017-04-04T13:58:43","slug":"sta-maria-chimalapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/?page_id=2059","title":{"rendered":"Sta. Mar\u00eda Chimalapa"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ka\u0294 sampalo\u0294ke<\/em> ‘The Imp’<\/div>\n
told by Lucio Gonz\u00e1lez Gonz\u00e1lez<\/div>\n<\/header>\n

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Silviano Jim\u00e9nez Jim\u00e9nez and Roberto Zavala Maldonado<\/div>\n
CIESAS<\/div>\n
Santa Mar\u00eda Chimalapa Zoque (ZMAR) is spoken in the eastern part of Oaxaca, in the district of Juchit\u00e1n. The speakers of ZMAR refer to their language as \u2019a\u014bp\u0268n tsame<\/em>, which comes from mouth (\u2019a\u014b<\/em>), man (p\u0268n<\/em>), and speech (tsam-e<\/em>), meaning \u2018word of man\u2019. The communities within the municipality of Santa Mar\u00eda Chimalapa were still largely monolingual in the early 1960s when the area did not have access to education, highways or public services. Today, the language is considered severely endangered as most children and young people are not speaking the language. One exception is Chivixhuyo, where families are passing the language on to younger generations.<\/div>\n
Santa Mar\u00eda Chimalapa Zoque is the most conservative of the languages of the Zoquean branch of the family. Its closest genetic relative is San Miguel Chimalapa Zoque (ZMIG) with which it shares a great part of its lexicon, although there are differences in morphosyntax, phonology, and phonetics. <\/div>\n
The story Ka\u0294 Sampalo\u0294ke<\/em> \u2018The Imp\u2019 was narrated by Lucio Gonz\u00e1lez Gonz\u00e1lez, a native speaker born in 1941. The story was recorded on December, 2015, in Santa Mar\u00eda Chimalapa, Oaxaca, by the authors who transcribed and translated the text with the assistance of Mr. Gonz\u00e1lez. The protagonist of this narrative, a woman from Santa Mar\u00eda, is tricked by a being she encounters at a spring where she is washing clothes. This type of story is found through the various communities of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz. In all of them, these creatures who trick people are referred to as \u201cduendes<\/em>\u201d, which later, owing to Christian mestizo influence, are conflated with the Devil. In this story, the trickster creature is at once duende<\/em> \u2018imp\u2019, devil, woman and child, which illustrates the cultural mixing that the story has undergone in the face of extensive cultural exchanges that have taken place in Santa Mar\u00eda Chimalapa.<\/div>\n
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