{"id":2236,"date":"2017-05-26T19:20:09","date_gmt":"2017-05-26T19:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/?page_id=2236"},"modified":"2017-05-26T19:34:40","modified_gmt":"2017-05-26T19:34:40","slug":"tone","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/?page_id=2236","title":{"rendered":"Tone"},"content":{"rendered":"

TRS has five tones and a rich variety of tone contours. In this article, tones are marked from 1 to 5, where 1 is the lowest tone and 5 the highest. Contrastive tone is generally found in the final syllable with some exceptions that are listed below. In TRS, the default or unmarked tone is \/3\/ which is usually not indicated in nonfinal syllables unless it is found to be phonemically contrastive in minimal pair comparisons, for example, [ʒi4<\/sup>luː3<\/sup>] ‘knife’; [ʒi3<\/sup>luː3<\/sup>] ‘cat’; [ʒi3<\/sup>luː53<\/sup>] ‘worm’. <\/p>\n

Final syllables in TRS may end in a single level tone: \/4\/, \/3\/, \/2\/, and \/1\/, for example, [naː4<\/sup>] ‘long ago’; [asi2<\/sup>h] ‘for’ and [ʒi4<\/sup>ʔ] ‘elder’ and are written with one final vowel. Tone \/5\/ occurs only in glides, for example \/53\/, \/35\/, \/45\/ as in \/dukw<\/sup>ãː53<\/sup>\/ ‘line’, \/ʒukw<\/sup>aː35<\/sup>\/ ‘snake’, \/joː35<\/sup>\/ ‘quick’ and \/a͡ʧiː45<\/sup>\/ ‘ask’ and are usually written with only one final vowel with some exceptions, for example, kúu<\/i> [kuː53<\/sup>] ‘bone’. Contour tones are restricted to final syllables. TRS words may end in two-tone sequences (i.e., contour tones), such as [ruwaː43<\/sup>] ‘inside’; [ane32<\/sup>h] ‘sell’; [ut̪a31<\/sup>ʔ si3<\/sup>h] ‘he fights’. Three-tone sequences occur only in monosyllabic words that end in a vowel and are transcribed using multiple digits, for example, [wːeː353<\/sup>] ‘palm mat’; [nːeː323<\/sup>] ‘water’, [niː313<\/sup>] ‘last night’ and [mːĩː313<\/sup>] ‘bridge’. <\/p>\n

Table 4 gives examples of TRS tones and tone contours in words with three different word final rimes: [Vː], [Vh] and [Vʔ]. In TRS, tone and rime are different, although they interact. At the phonological level, the inventory of possible tones is constrained by whether and where the tone-bearing syllable involves laryngeals, for example, syllables ending in a glottal stop \/ʔ\/ or \/h\/ show fewer tonal possibilities than those that end in a vowel. Based on the examples listed below, TRS has a total of 15 tone contrasts with a possibility of 25 different word-final tone and rime combinations. The text contains all but nine of the examples listed below. Those that do not appear in the text are marked with an asterisk. <\/p>\n

\"Table <\/p>\n

TABLE 4: \/Vː\/, \/Vh\/ and \/Vʔ\/ Final Tone, Tone Contours and Rime Sequences in TRS<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TRS has five tones and a rich variety of tone contours. In this article, tones are marked from 1 to 5, where 1 is the lowest tone and 5 the highest. Contrastive tone is generally found in the final syllable with some exceptions that are listed below. In TRS, the default or unmarked tone is … Continue reading Tone<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2171,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/textsOnLine.php","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2236","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2236"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2241,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2236\/revisions\/2241"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2171"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.americanlinguistics.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}